Unit 2 PLTW Biomed

tact

discretion and sensitivity when dealing with patients

medical history

record of past and current health

chief complaint

a patient's overview of what they think is their main health problem

physical signs

observable signs of illness
found externally

current history

patient's main complaint, current health issues, treatments/tests that the patient just had or will have, allergies, medication, health habits

previous history

any past health problems, procedures, medications, vaccinations, and hospital visits

social history

aspects of the patient's lifestyle

family history

medical information about the patient's family

systolic

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.

diastolic

Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.

blood pressure

measure force applied to artery walls as blood pumps and amount of blood pumped
mm Hg
less than 120/80

height

tape measure
ft and in

weight

scale
pounds

BMI

ratio of height to weight
calculator
weight * 703/height

breath sounds

stethoscope

oxygen saturation

amount of oxygen in blood
95-99%
SpO2
Oximeter
Low saturation = respiratory illness

temperature

How warm a patient's body is
97-99
Degrees F or C
Varied temp = infection

otoscope

tool used during an ear exam

opthalmoscope

tool used during an eye exam

melanoma

when UV rays damage DNA in melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) and they grow uncontrollably
develops on skin exposed to sun

mitral valve regurgitation

when the mitral valve doesn't close all the way, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium from the left ventricle and making the heart work harder
brings extra heart sounds

cornea

outermost layer of the eye
shields eye from harmful matter
helps eye focus

retina

light-sensitive tissue at back of eye
converts processed images into nerve signals that the brain receives

ear

responsible for hearing and balance

skin

largest organ in the body
regulates internal temperature
repels water
synthesizes vitamin D
registers tactile sensations
physically blocks and biochemically detects invading bacteria and toxins

heart valves

prevent back flow of blood

middle ear infection

caused by a viral infection from another infection
pain, bad hearing
eardrum is red/bulging with fluid behind it

strep throat

bacterial infection
severe throat pain, pain while swallowing
red/inflamed tonsils and uvula
fever, aches
swollen lymph nodes
infected white tissue on tonsils

tonsillitis

caused by viral/bacterial infection
inflammation of tonsils
enlarged red tonsils
throat pain/pain while swallowing
swollen lymph nodes in neck
fever, headache

ABCDE system

asymmetry, border irregularity, color changes, diameter, evolving

heartbeat

first sound: mitral and tricuspid valves close
second sound: aortic and pulmonary valves close

snellen eye chart test

measures visual activity and clarity of vision
patient stands 20 ft away and tests each eye

snellen eye chart test numbers

first: distance you stood from the chart
second: distance at which a person with normal eyesight could read the same line you read correctly

clear

clear whoosh of air

wheezing

high-pitched whistling
caused by narrowed airways

crackles (rales)

when breathing through a fluid-filled airway

stridor

harsh, shrill sound
partially obstructed windpipe

rhonchi

snore-like sound
partially obstructed airways

complete blood count

count of all RBC, WBC, Hgb, hematocrit, and platelets

leukemia

cancer of white blood cells

sickle cell

shriveled, crescent-shaped red blood cell

cholesterol

a waxy, fatlike substance produced naturally from the liver and absorbed by food, in all cells
makes hormones and vitamins

glucose

simple sugar used for energy

electrolytes

minerals in blood
keep water balance, move nutrients, check function of major systems
Ex: calcium, potassium, sodium

metabolism

all chemical reactions in an organism
needs nutrients and makes energy and waste

RBC

erythrocytes
carry oxygen and CO2

WBC

leukocytes
protect the body against pathogens
high = infection
low = weak immune system

platelets

thrombocytes
help the body form clots on blood vessels to stop bleeding

hemoglobin

protein that carries oxygen in RBC

hematocrit

the proportion of RBC to plasma

saturated fats

solid at room temp
raises LDL, narrows arteries
no double carbon bond

unsaturated fats

liquid at room temperature
balance cholesterol
carbon double bond

telehealth

a way for people to remotely access health-related services using technology instead of in-person contact

ATP

adenosine triphosphate
energy compound that powers our activities

diabetes

a disease where the cells can't efficiently take glucose

RPM

remote patient monitoring
use technology to gather health data and send it to doctors

carbohydrates

sugar
first source of energy
found in potatoes, bread, candy

lipids

fats, oils, phospholipids
store energy, second source of energy
found in oil, butter, fatty fish

diabetes symptoms

fatigue, dizziness, thirst/dehydration, weight loss
can lead to stroke and cardiomyopathy

pre-diabetic lifestyle changes

healthy diet low in carbs
exercise
weight loss

positive feedback

causes a reinforcement in initial action
reaction increases

negative feedback

causes the system to stop the initial action and take no action/perform the opposite action

HIPAA

health insurance portability and accountability act
protects a patient's privacy

info protected under HIPAA

patient's physical mental health
patient's payment services
provided healthcare services

maintain privacy

can't speak about patient unless the person also works on the patient
can't leave patient records unattended in public
try not to be overheard

when info can be shared

controlling infectious disease
preventing injury
prevent abuse/neglect
prevent public health/safety threat
assisting for legal reasons
disaster relief
assisting a medical examiner

sound

travels through eardrum
through ossicles
into inner ear

phlebotomy

puncture a vein to draw blood
uses a tourniquet to slow the blood flow and find veins

anemia

low RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

Biomolecules

organic molecules which combine to form living organisms; includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

cancer

A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.

chemical reaction

process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

Cholesterol

A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

demeanor

behavior; manner of conducting oneself

diagnosis

Identification of an injury or disease

Diastole

relaxation phase of the heartbeat

diastolic pressure

occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

empathy

Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives

erythrocytes

another name for red blood cells

glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

HDL

high density lipoproteins (healthy type of cholesterol)

Heartrate

beats per minute

HIPPA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Hypertension

High Blood Pressure

homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

hormones

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

insulin

A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.

LDL

low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol)

Leukocytes

another name for white blood cells

negative feedback loop

A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.

plasma

liquid portion of blood

positive feedback loop

a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified

pulse

The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt from the outside of the body.

respiratory rate

the number of breaths taken in one minute

risk factor

anything that increases the likelihood of injury, disease, or other health problems

sphygmomanometer

instrument used to measure blood pressure

symptoms

the conditions that together tell a doctor what is wrong

systole

contraction phase of the heartbeat

systolic pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.