geography term 2

What is meant by "rapid natural increase"?

When the birth rate is much higher than the death rate, causing the population to grow quickly.

What does a youthful population pyramid look like?

Wide at the base (many young people), narrow at the top (fewer elderly).

What are causes of rapid natural increase?

High birth rates due to lack of contraception, cultural/religious beliefs, and low education levels.

What problems are caused by rapid natural increase?

Strain on food, water, healthcare, education, housing, and jobs.

What are solutions to rapid population growth?

Family planning, educating women, government policies, cultural changes.

What is an igneous rock?

A rock formed when magma cools and solidifies.

What is a sedimentary rock?

A rock formed from layers of eroded sediment.

What is a metamorphic rock?

A rock changed by intense heat and/or pressure.

What is a permeable rock?

A rock that allows water to pass through it.

What is folding?

Layers of Earth's crust pushed into waves by tectonic pressure.

What is faulting?

Breaking of Earth's crust due to stress and pressure.

What is volcanism?

Magma erupting onto Earth’s surface.

What is weathering?

Breaking down of rocks in place (in situ).

What is erosion?

The wearing away and removal of material.

What is deposition?

When transported material is dropped due to energy loss.

What is a divergent plate boundary?

Plates move apart, causing volcanoes.

What is a transform boundary?

Plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes.

What is a collision plate boundary?

Plates move together, causing fold mountains and subduction.

What is the focus of an earthquake?

The point inside Earth where the earthquake starts.

What is the epicentre of an earthquake?

The point on the surface directly above the focus.

What were the primary impacts of the 2011 Christchurch earthquake?

181 dead, 80% lost electricity, water and sewage badly damaged.

What were short-term responses to Christchurch 2011?

Aid, emergency toilets, vulnerable people cared for.

What were long-term responses to Christchurch 2011?

898 million in insurance, water and sewage fixed by August, 80\% of houses repaired.

What caused the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

A conservative plate boundary where the North American Plate slid under the Caribbean Plate.

What were the primary effects of the Haiti earthquake?

316,000 dead, 1 million homeless, 250,000 homes damaged.

What were secondary effects of the Haiti earthquake?

Disease spread, poor sanitation, job loss, increased crime.

What is a lahar?

A mudflow from a volcano often caused by melting snow or glaciers.

Why do people live near volcanoes?

Fertile soil, geothermal energy, tourism.

What is the total fertility rate?

Average number of children a woman has in her lifetime.

What is the replacement fertility rate?

The number of births needed to maintain a population.

What region is seeing the most population growth?

LICs in Africa and South East Asia.

Why is population declining in many HICs?

High contraception use, career-focused women, low fertility rates.

Why is population stable in many MICs?

Balanced birth rates and growth through immigration.

What is high population density?

When a large number of people live in a small area.

What causes low population density in parts of Japan?

Mountains, poor roads, bad soil, harsh climate.

What causes high urban population density in Japan?

Flat land, ports, factories, and transport links.

How is natural increase calculated?

Birth rate minus death rate.

What is net migration?

The difference between people entering and leaving a country.

What does Stage 1 of the DTM show?

High birth and death rates; low population growth.

What happens in Stage 2 of the DTM?

Death rates drop; birth rates stay high = rapid growth.

What happens in Stage 3 of the DTM?

Birth rates fall due to family planning and female empowerment.

What happens in Stage 4 of the DTM?

Low birth and death rates = stable population.

What is Stage 5 of the DTM?

Birth rates fall below death rates = population decline.

What are the features of a population pyramid?

Shows age and gender; identifies dependents and working age groups.

What is the purpose of a census?

To gather population data to help with planning.

Why did Singapore change its population policy?

It needed more young workers for the future economy.

What incentives did Singapore introduce to grow its population?

Tax breaks, daycare subsidies, long maternity leave, priority housing.

What was China's One Child Policy?

Limited families to one child using fines and rewards.

What was a consequence of the One Child Policy?

Aging population and shrinking workforce.

Why is Italy’s dependency ratio a concern?

Too many retirees and not enough workers to support them.

What are solutions to Italy’s dependency problem?

Raise retirement age, increase taxes, encourage immigration.

What is overpopulation?

When there aren’t enough resources for the number of people.

What is underpopulation?

When there are not enough people to fully use available resources.

What are problems from overpopulation in Nigeria?

Poverty, overcrowding, pollution, poor healthcare, crime.

Why is Australia underpopulated?

Large land area with low population—resources underused.

Why is Japan’s population shrinking?

Low fertility rate, high life expectancy, fewer births than deaths.

What is the economic effect of Japan’s shrinking population?

More elderly to care for, fewer workers, slow economic growth.

What is Igneous rock?

Rock formed when magma cools and solidifies, either above or below the surface.

What is Sedimentary rock?

Rock formed by eroded sediment being laid down in layers.

What is the difference between permeable and impermeable rocks?

Permeable rocks allow water to pass through them, while impermeable rocks do not.

Name 3 \"land building process.\"

Folding, Faulting, or Volcanism.

What causes Folding in the Earth's crust?

The pushing of two pieces of the Earth's crust into each other.

What is Weathering?

The breaking down of rock in situ (without moving/in place).

What happens at a Divergent (constructive) plate boundary?

Plates move apart, causing volcanoes and magma to erupt.

What happens at a Transformative plate boundary?

Plates move sideways, causing earthquakes when pieces of crust get stuck and then break apart.

What happens at a Collision (destructive) plate boundary?

Plates move together, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, fold mountains, and subduction.

What is the \"epicentre\" of an earthquake?

The point on the surface immediately above the focus.

When and where did the Christchurch earthquake occur in 2011?

Tuesday, February 22nd at 12:51 pm, with a focus at a depth of 5km, 2km west of Lyttelton, near Christchurch.

Name one primary impact of the Christchurch earthquake in 2011.

181 deaths, part of the country's longest glacier broke, 80% of the city without electricity, or hundreds of kilometers of water and sewage pipes damaged.

What was the cause of the Haiti earthquake in 2010?

The North American Plate sliding under the Caribbean Plate at a conservative plate boundary.

Name one primary impact of the Haiti earthquake in 2010.

316,000 deaths, 1 million homeless, or 250,000 homes damaged, transportation and communication badly damaged.

Why do many people live on or near volcanoes, despite the hazards?

Volcanic soils are fertile, volcanic heat provides energy for hot springs, and volcanoes can be used for tourism.

Define \"Natural increase\" in population.

Birth rate minus death rate.

How is the world population currently growing per year?

Roughly 78 million people per year.

What is a key concern when a population rapidly increases?

The availability of resources like food, clean water, shelter, education, and healthcare.

In which type of countries is most of the recent population growth occurring?

Low Income Countries (LICs), mainly in Africa and South East Asia.

Why are High Income Countries (HICs) seeing declining populations?

Increased contraception use and women having children later in life due to careers, leading to smaller families.

How is \"overall population change\" calculated?

Birth Rate minus Death Rate plus Net Migration.

What does Stage One of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) represent?

High stationary population, with both high birth rates and high death rates.

What is a reason for high birth rates in Stage One of the DTM?

No birth control/family planning, high infant mortality leading to more births, need for children to work the land, children as a sign of virility, or religious beliefs encouraging large families.

What is a reason for the rapid fall in death rates during Stage Two of the DTM?

Improved medical care, improved sanitation and water supply, improvements in food production, improved transport, or a decrease in child mortality.

What typically causes the fall in birth rates during Stage Three of the DTM?

Family planning, lower infant mortality, increased industrialization/mechanization (fewer laborers needed), desire for material possessions over large families, or emancipation of women.

What do the youngest (0-14) and elderly (65+) groups represent in a population pyramid?

Dependent populations.

Why are population pyramids useful for governments?

They are a tool to base future planning decisions regarding resources, services, and policies.

Name one incentive used by Singapore to encourage population growth.

Tax rebates for the 3rd child, subsidies for day-care, priority enrolling at best schools, extended sick leave/maternity leave, or priority housing for large families.

What was the \"One family, One child\" policy in China?

A government policy implemented in 1979 to limit families to one child, with incentives for compliance and punishments for violations.

What does it mean for an area to be \"overpopulated\"?

The number of people living in an area is greater than the resources and technology available to maintain an adequate standard of living.

What does it mean for an area to be \"underpopulated\"?

The number of people living in an area is less than is needed to make full use of the available resources.

Name one consequence of overpopulation.

Not enough housing, water and air pollution, shortage of food and water, high crime rates, not enough healthcare and education, lack of employment, or poverty.

Name one consequence of underpopulation.

Shortage of workers, low level of production, resources underused, high taxes, lack of government income, small market for goods and services, or low value of exports.

What is happening to Japan's population?

It is shrinking rapidly, with a natural decrease, falling fertility rates, and increasing life expectancy.