geography term 2

What is meant by "rapid natural increase"?

When the birth rate is much higher than the death rate, causing the population to grow quickly.

What does a youthful population pyramid look like?

Wide at the base (many young people), narrow at the top (fewer elderly).

What are causes of rapid natural increase?

High birth rates due to lack of contraception, cultural/religious beliefs, and low education levels.

What problems are caused by rapid natural increase?

Strain on food, water, healthcare, education, housing, and jobs.

What are solutions to rapid population growth?

Family planning, educating women, government policies, cultural changes.

What is an igneous rock?

A rock formed when magma cools and solidifies.

What is a sedimentary rock?

A rock formed from layers of eroded sediment.

What is a metamorphic rock?

A rock changed by intense heat and/or pressure.

What is a permeable rock?

A rock that allows water to pass through it.

What is folding?

Layers of Earth's crust pushed into waves by tectonic pressure.

What is faulting?

Breaking of Earth's crust due to stress and pressure.

What is volcanism?

Magma erupting onto Earth’s surface.

What is weathering?

Breaking down of rocks in place (in situ).

What is erosion?

The wearing away and removal of material.

What is deposition?

When transported material is dropped due to energy loss.

What is a divergent plate boundary?

Plates move apart, causing volcanoes.

What is a transform boundary?

Plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes.

What is a collision plate boundary?

Plates move together, causing fold mountains and subduction.

What is the focus of an earthquake?

The point inside Earth where the earthquake starts.

What is the epicentre of an earthquake?

The point on the surface directly above the focus.

What were the primary impacts of the 2011 Christchurch earthquake?

181 dead, 80% lost electricity, water and sewage badly damaged.

What were short-term responses to Christchurch 2011?

Aid, emergency toilets, vulnerable people cared for.

What were long-term responses to Christchurch 2011?

898 million in insurance, water and sewage fixed by August, 80\% of houses repaired.

What caused the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

A conservative plate boundary where the North American Plate slid under the Caribbean Plate.

What were the primary effects of the Haiti earthquake?

316,000 dead, 1 million homeless, 250,000 homes damaged.

What were secondary effects of the Haiti earthquake?

Disease spread, poor sanitation, job loss, increased crime.

What is a lahar?

A mudflow from a volcano often caused by melting snow or glaciers.

Why do people live near volcanoes?

Fertile soil, geothermal energy, tourism.

What is the total fertility rate?

Average number of children a woman has in her lifetime.

What is the replacement fertility rate?

The number of births needed to maintain a population.

What region is seeing the most population growth?

LICs in Africa and South East Asia.

Why is population declining in many HICs?

High contraception use, career-focused women, low fertility rates.

Why is population stable in many MICs?

Balanced birth rates and growth through immigration.

What is high population density?

When a large number of people live in a small area.

What causes low population density in parts of Japan?

Mountains, poor roads, bad soil, harsh climate.

What causes high urban population density in Japan?

Flat land, ports, factories, and transport links.

How is natural increase calculated?

Birth rate minus death rate.

What is net migration?

The difference between people entering and leaving a country.

What does Stage 1 of the DTM show?

High birth and death rates; low population growth.

What happens in Stage 2 of the DTM?

Death rates drop; birth rates stay high = rapid growth.

What happens in Stage 3 of the DTM?

Birth rates fall due to family planning and female empowerment.

What happens in Stage 4 of the DTM?

Low birth and death rates = stable population.

What is Stage 5 of the DTM?

Birth rates fall below death rates = population decline.

What are the features of a population pyramid?

Shows age and gender; identifies dependents and working age groups.

What is the purpose of a census?

To gather population data to help with planning.

Why did Singapore change its population policy?

It needed more young workers for the future economy.

What incentives did Singapore introduce to grow its population?

Tax breaks, daycare subsidies, long maternity leave, priority housing.

What was China's One Child Policy?

Limited families to one child using fines and rewards.

What was a consequence of the One Child Policy?

Aging population and shrinking workforce.

Why is Italy’s dependency ratio a concern?

Too many retirees and not enough workers to support them.

What are solutions to Italy’s dependency problem?

Raise retirement age, increase taxes, encourage immigration.

What is overpopulation?

When there aren’t enough resources for the number of people.

What is underpopulation?

When there are not enough people to fully use available resources.

What are problems from overpopulation in Nigeria?

Poverty, overcrowding, pollution, poor healthcare, crime.

Why is Australia underpopulated?

Large land area with low population—resources underused.

Why is Japan’s population shrinking?

Low fertility rate, high life expectancy, fewer births than deaths.

What is the economic effect of Japan’s shrinking population?

More elderly to care for, fewer workers, slow economic growth.