Final Exam Study Guide - Quizlet/Knowt Notes

Deviance

the violation of cultural norms and expectations

Stigma

the shame attached to a behavior or status that is considered socially unacceptable or discrediting

Consensus crimes

members of society agree about the seriousness of the deviant acts

Conflict crimes

members of society disagree about the seriousness of the acts, and/or the law disadvantages a particular group

Normalization

shift in cultural norms in which previous deviant behaviors become accepted as conventional

Positive Deviance

behaviors that depart from the norm that have a positive impact

Labeling Theory

Individuals and behavior become deviant because they are labeled as such and societies define behaviors as deviant

Differential Association Theory

focuses on how we learn deviant and criminal behavior from others

Structural-Functionalism Theory - Deviance

Deviance can be functional, playing a positive social and societal role

Social Control

the incentives and punishments that promote conformity in social life

Merton’s Strain Theory

the frustration resulting from the gap between socially shared goals and access to legitimate methods of achieving those goals

Meritocracy

a system in which people are rewarded and are able to advance because of their abilities

GINI Coefficient

a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale

Race

category of people widely perceived as sharing socially significant physical characteristics such as skin color or continental ancestry

Ethnicity

A group of people with a common cultural identification, based on a common ancestry, homeland, language, religion, ancestral origin, or traditional practices

Miscegenation

marriage or sexual relations between members of different ethnic groups; usually describes minority/majority reproduction

Assimilation

forced or chosen social and cultural merging of groups in which minority members may lose their original identity

Genocide

systematic effort by the dominant group to destroy a minority group

Model Minority

Minority groups that achieved high levels of educational and financial success, often used to describe Asian Americans

Prejudice

attitudes that pre-judge a group, usually negatively, with inadequate information.

Gender

Social or cultural distinctions of behaviors considered male or female

Sex

Presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females

Gender roles

Assigned tasks or expected behaviors linked to sex

Gender expression

Communication of a person’s gender identity through behaviors

Intersexed

Persons with ambiguous genitalia making sex assignment difficult

Transgender

Identity challenging or changing the gender assigned at birth

Androgynous

Not exclusively masculine or feminine in gender roles or expression

Sexual scripts

Gender-based verbal expectations

Heteronormativity

Expectation of sexual attraction to the opposite sex

Feminism

Advocates for social change to eliminate patriarchy

Occupational Segregation

Gender-based separation in fields of study and professions

Motherhood Penalty

Systematic disadvantages faced by working mothers

Fatherhood Bonus

Boost in salary and status for fathers compared to childless men

Feminization of Poverty

Majority of the poor are women and their children

Glass ceiling

Social forces hindering women from reaching top corporate levels

Second Shift

Employed women's primary responsibility for housework and childcare

Sexual Harassment

Unwelcome sexual advances or behavior

Intimate Partner Violence

Abusive behavior to gain power over a partner

Human trafficking

Use of force, fraud, or coercion for labor or sex

Semi-Periphery countries

Provide cheap labor, infrastructure, and emerging markets

Life expectancy

Number of years a newborn is expected to live

Activity Theory

Retirement as an opportunity for new interests and activities

Dependency ratios

Contrast of labor force contributors to dependents

Social Security

Government retirement program funded by payroll taxes

Disengagement Theory

Retirement decreases social prestige due to lack of purpose