Intro to Cell Life Exam 1
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119 Terms
What is atomic mass?
number of protons + number of neutrons
What are valence electrons?
number of electrons in outermost shell
How many electrons can the first shell of an atom have?
2
How many electrons can the second and third shells of an atom have?
8
What is the outermost shell of an atom and what does it want to be?
Valence shell and full
Ionic bond
elements exchange electrons; weaker (attraction based on charge)
Covalent bond
sharing electrons; stronger (use single line for these bonds)
What are the two kinds of covalent bonds?
polar and nonpolar
Polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons; hydrophilic
Nonpolar covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons; hydrophobic
What does a polar covalent bond result in?
partial charge
What is electronegativity?
“pull” on electrons
Where are the more electronegative elements on the periodic table?
towards the right side of the periodic table
Hydrogen bond
attraction between partially charged atoms; weak
What is cohesion?
when water is self attracted
What is surface tension?
how hard it is to break surface of water
What is adhesion?
when water is attracted to something other than its self
What are the four categories of macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What makes up carbohydrates?
monosaccharide
What is the formula for a carbohydrate?
CnH2nOn (n=any #)
What kind of linkages are used in carbohydrates?
glycosidic linkage
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
1) energy storage= bonds= energy
2) structures= cell walls and exoskeleton= strength
3)”signature” of cells (recognition)
What are lipids?
triglycerides (fat/oils), steroids, phospholipids
What kind of bonds do lipids have?
nonpolar covalent bonds (hydrophobic)
What are the functions of lipids?
1) steroids- structures (cholesterol) or signaling (hormones)
2) triglycerides (fats and oils)- energy storage (lots of bonds)
3) phospholipids- structure (cell membrane (amphipathic- hydrophobia & hydrophilic))
What are the two kinds of fats?
Saturated and unsaturated
What are the characteristics of saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated: all single bonds which means it can pack nicely together
Unsaturated: more than or equal to 1 double bond which means the tail bends and this gives it fluidity
What is the make up of an amino acid?
alpha carbon, hydrogen, amine (NH2), carboxyl (COOH), and side chain
what do amino acids make up?
proteins
How many structures do proteins have and what are they called?
4 and primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
What are the characteristics of protein structures?
primary- sequence of amino acids
secondary- folding due to H bonds forming between groups in the peptide backbone
tertiary- folding due to side chain interactions (polypeptide)
quaternary- multiple polypeptide chains interacting to form a functional protein (3 degree structure)
What are the functions of proteins?
1) structure- red blood cell shape (cytoskeleton)
2) enzymes- speed up chemical reactions
3) signaling- receive signals from other cells and tell cell what to do
4) defense- immune system
5) movement- action and myosin (muscle contraction)
6) transport- hemoglobin (in and out of cells)
What are nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What makes up DNA and RNA?
nucleotides
What makes up nucleotides?
phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base (adenine)
What is the building blocks for nucleotides?
monomers
What is the structure of DNA?
sugar (deoxyribose) and nitrogenous bases
What does DNA look like?
2 strands of nucleotides in a spiral
Where are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?
on inside with H bonds to hold 2 strands together
What are characteristics of DNA?
Antiparallel (1 strand runs 5’ to 3’ & the other runs 3’ to 5’) and nitrogenous base pairing
What is the function of DNA?
genetic info to make proteins
What is a polymer?
large molecule made up of repeating subunits (monomers)
What is a dehydration reaction?
water removed to make larger structure
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
consumes H2O to break apart polymer
What are monosaccharides?
simple sugars
What is a monomer of polysaccharides?
monosaccharides
What are polysaccharides used for?
energy storage
What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases?
pyrimidines and purines
What is included in pyrimidines?
cytosine, thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA)
What is included in purines?
adenine, guanine
How are nucleic acids and amino acids built?
they are built through dehydration reactions
What is the structure of RNA?
it is single stranded
What are the steps for gene expression?
1) DNA has genes (instructions to build proteins)
2) genes are transcribed into mRNA
3) mRNA translated into protein
What is gene expression simplified?
DNA to mRNA to protein
What nitrogenous bases pair up in DNA and how many hydrogen bonds are used?
Adenine (2 hydrogen bond) Thymine, Cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds) Guanine
What nitrogenous bases pair up in RNA and how many hydrogen bonds are used?
Guanine (3 hydrogen bonds) Cytosine, Adenine (2 hydrogen bonds) Uracil
What are the functions of RNA?
1) mRNA- intermediate information
2) rRNA- part of the ribosome (translate mRNA to protein)
3) tRNA- making protein
What are the 2 types of cells?
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
What belongs to prokaryote category?
bacteria and archaea
What belongs to eukaryote category?
animal and plants
What’s the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote?
prokaryotes don’t have nucleus or organelles and eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles
What do all cells have?
plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes
What organelles do animal cells have?
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome, peroxisome, and mitochondria
What organelles do plant cells have?
all animal cell organelles, cell wall, chloroplast, and central vacuole
What is the endomembrane system?
group of organelles that work together to modify/package/transport proteins
Where is the DNA in a cell?
in membrane of nucleus
What is a characteristic of cell membranes?
selective permeable
What happens in the cytoplasm?
site of some enzymes and reactions
What does the nucleus do?
make RNA and assembles ribosomes
What do ribosomes do?
protein synthesis
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
protein synthesis, folds/modifies proteins
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
makes carbs/lipids/steroids and does detoxification
What does the golgi apparatus do?
sorts/packs/tags/distributes proteins and lipids
What do lysosomes do?
break down macromolecules and old organelles and destroys pathogens
What do peroxisomes do?
break down fatty acids, amino acids, and H2O2 (peroxide)
What does mitochondria do?
ATP (energy) production
What does the cell wall do?
shapes/supports
What does chloroplast do?
photosynthesis
What does the central vacuole do?
used as storage and enzymes regulate concentration of water
What does the fluid mosaic model mean?
not solid and different components can move
What is the building block of the cell membrane?
phospholipid
What are the components of the cell membrane?
Integral membrane protein (crosses the whole membrane), peripheral membrane protein (on one side of the membrane), cholesterol (hydrophobic), glycolipids, and glycoprotein (depends where carbohydrate is at)
What allows more permeability or fluid through a cell?
the more unsaturated the cells are (curve in phospholipid)
What do unsaturated fatty acids increase?
fluidity
What does heat do to molecules?
breaks them apart
What does heat increase do to cells?
increases fluidity
What can cholesterol do?
raise or lower fluidity
What do shorter fatty acid tails do?
allow more fluid into cell
What happens if fatty acid tails are longer?
fluidity decreases
What allows high permeability?
tiny, hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules and gases
What allows moderate permeability?
H2O
What allows low permeability?
small, polar molecules and C6H12O6
What allows very low permeability?
large, multiple polar (charged) molecules