Lab 6: Blood Typing and Heart Anatomy Overview

Plasma

Liquid component of blood, ~55% volume.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells, transport O2 and CO2.

Leukocytes

White blood cells, involved in immunity.

Thrombocytes

Platelets, aid in blood clotting.

Differential WBC Count

Counts types of white blood cells in blood.

Neutrophils

Most abundant WBC, responds to bacterial infections.

Lymphocytes

WBCs involved in immune memory and response.

Eosinophils

WBCs that respond to parasitic infections and allergies.

Basophils

WBCs involved in allergic reactions and chemical poisoning.

Monocytes

Largest WBC, cleans up after infections.

Megakaryocyte

Bone marrow cell that produces platelets.

Platelet Count

Normal range: 130,000 to 400,000 platelets/µL.

Gas Transport

Function of RBCs, primarily O2 transport.

WBC Average Count

Normal range: 7000-8000 WBCs/µL.

RBC Lifespan

Survive approximately 90-120 days.

Vasospasm

Contraction of blood vessels to reduce blood loss.

Chemotaxis

Movement of WBCs towards sites of inflammation.

Granulocytes

WBCs with granules in their cytoplasm.

Agranulocytes

WBCs without visible granules.

Wright's Stain

Staining technique for identifying blood cells.

Immature WBCs

Young white blood cells seen in blood smears.

Blood Typing

Determining blood group based on antigens.

Cardiac Pathway

Route blood takes through the heart.

RBC antigens

Agglutinogens that identify blood types.

Agglutinogens

Markers on RBCs that determine blood type.

Agglutinins

Antibodies that attack foreign RBCs.

Anti-A

Antibody that targets A antigens.

Anti-B

Antibody that targets B antigens.

Anti-D

Antibody that targets Rh factor.

Blood type A

Has A antigens, produces anti-B antibodies.

Blood type B

Has B antigens, produces anti-A antibodies.

Blood type AB

Has both A and B antigens, no antibodies.

Blood type O

Has no antigens, produces both anti-A and anti-B.

Universal recipient

Blood type AB, accepts all blood types.

Universal donor

Blood type O, can donate to all types.

Agglutination

Clumping of RBCs due to antibody-antigen interaction.

Rh factor

Presence of D antigen on RBCs.

Rh positive

Blood type with Rh antigen present.

Rh negative

Blood type without Rh antigen present.

Mismatched transfusion reaction

Clumping blocks vessels, can cause death.

Antibody production

Begins 2-8 months after birth.

Maximum antibody concentration

Occurs around 10 years of age.

Dilution effect

Dilutes antibodies in blood during transfusions.

Blood typing practice

Testing blood with specific antibodies for typing.

Caution in blood handling

Use gloves, dispose of sharps properly.

Hemolytic Newborn Disease

Condition from Rh- mother with Rh+ fetus.

RhoGAM

Prevents antibody formation in Rh- mothers.

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Severe anemia in Rh+ newborns from maternal antibodies.

Cardiovascular system

Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Pulmonary circuit

Carries blood from heart to lungs.

Systemic circuit

Supplies blood to body organs.

Cardiac circuit

Supplies blood to heart's vessels.

Pericardium

Membrane surrounding the heart.

Epicardium

Outer layer of the heart wall.

Myocardium

Thick muscular layer of the heart.

Endocardium

Inner lining of heart chambers.

Atrioventricular valves

Valves between atria and ventricles.

Tricuspid valve

Right AV valve with three cusps.

Mitral valve

Left AV valve with two cusps.

Semilunar valves

Control blood flow into great arteries.

Coronary arteries

Supply blood to heart muscle.

Coronary veins

Drain blood from heart muscle.

Pericardial cavity

Space between pericardium layers.

Serous fluid

Lubricates pericardial cavity for heart movement.

Heart chambers

Four chambers: atria and ventricles.

Heart valves

Ensure one-way blood flow through heart.

Cardiac pathway

Sequence of blood flow through heart.

Heart dissection

Lab procedure to study heart anatomy.