AdvancedPathophysiologyExam323pages

What is the main role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

To conserve energy and the body's resources.

How does the Sympathetic Nervous System respond to stress?

It prepares the body to defend itself by releasing catecholamines like epinephrine, mobilizing energy, and redistributing blood flow.

What are the two classifications of primary brain injury?

Focal injuries and diffuse injuries.

What characterizes focal brain injuries?

They are specific brain lesions that occur in a precise location.

What is autonomic hyperreflexia and what is a common level of injury associated with it?

It is characterized by paroxysmal hypertension, blurred vision, and is often seen in injuries affected at the T5-T6 level or above.

What are the four cardinal signs of the inflammatory process?

Edema, warmth, redness, and pain.

What causes the pain in the inflammatory process?

Biochemical mediators such as histamine, bradykinins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.

What are the two types of immunity?

Humoral immunity and cellular immunity.

What is the major risk factor for stroke?

Hypertension.

What defines Alzheimer's Disease?

It is the leading cause of dementia and is characterized by severe cognitive dysfunction, with age and family history as major risk factors.

What are the differences between acute and chronic pain?

Acute pain is an event, usually sudden and transient, while chronic pain is a persistent state, prolonged and often difficult to treat.

What defines Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

They are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and involve mast cell products, commonly recognized as allergies.

What characterizes Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

They involve specific cells or tissues as the target of the immune response, often leading to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Active immunity is produced by the individual's own immune response to an antigen, while passive immunity is conferred by the transfer of antibodies from another source.

What are tumor markers?

Substances produced by benign and malignant cells that can indicate the presence of cancer and can be detected in blood, spinal fluid, or urine.

What role does cortisol play in stress response?

Cortisol helps to inhibit inflammatory responses and can suppress the activity of helper T cells.

What distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors regarding metastasis?

Malignant tumors can metastasize, while benign tumors cannot.

What is a common feature of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

It is an autoimmune disease triggered by a preceding bacterial or viral infection, leading to weakness and paralysis.

What type of diseases are characterized by Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

Diseases caused by antigen-antibody complexes formed in circulation and deposited in tissues, like Raynaud phenomenon.

What is the hallmark of Parkinson's Disease?

Degeneration of the basal ganglia and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

Which type of cells are involved in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

T lymphocytes.

What is the consequence of prolonged stress according to the General Adaptation Syndrome?

It leads to a stage of exhaustion, which marks the onset of diseases related to adaptation.