Poli Sci 140 Midterm 2

hegemonic war

war control over the entire world order -- the rules of the international system as a whole, including the role of hegemony

total war

warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy another, goal is to reach the capitol city and force surrender of the government, which can then be replaced with one of the victor's choosing

limited war

military actions carried out to gain some objective short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy

- raids

civil war

war between factions within a state trying to create, or prevent, a new government for the entire state or some territorial part of it

guerrilla war

includes certain kinds of civil wars, is warfare without front lines

- not to confront an enemy army directly but rather to harass and punish it and thus gradually limit its operation and effectively liberate territory from its control

conflict

generally refers to armed conflict, ever-present in the international system

war at the individual level

Theories about war center on rationality

Reflects rational decisions of national leaders

Also because of deviations from rationality in the individual decision-making processes of national leaders

war at domestic level

Draws attention to characteristics of states or societies that ay make them more or less prone to use violence in resolving conflicts

Capitalist v communist as an example

war at systemic level

Explains wars in terms of power relations among major actors in the international system

Ex: power transition theory, conflicts generate large wars at times when power is relatively equally distributed and a rising power is threatening to overtake a declining hegemon in overall position

Long economic waves

Cycle theories: at the systemic level, can explain best only general tendencies toward war in the international system over time and generally refers to armed conflict

armor

tanks and armored vehicles

counterinsurgency

central to nearly all wars currently in progress worldwide

- includes programs to try to win the hearts and minds

- political gains as a military strat

landmines

simple, small, and cheap containers of explosives with a trigger activated by contact or sensor

navies

adapted primarily to control passage through the seas and to attack land near coastlines

- able to use military force far from the country that is attacking

air forces

Serve several purposes: Strategic bombing of land or sea targets, "close air support" (battlefield bombing), interception of other aircraft, reconnaissance, and airlift supplies, weapons, and troops.

ethnic groups

share ancestral, cultural, religious ties

- ethnic conflict based on intangible conflicts, like who someone is

territorial control

closely tied to aspirations of ethnic groups for statehood

ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

- Serbs created term after the break up of Yugoslavia

ethnocentrism

in-group bias, is the tendency to see one's own group in favorable terms and an out-group in unfavorable terms

- some think this could have biological propensity

dehumanization

includes common use of animal names for members of the outgroup, can mean strip of human rights as well

genocide

systematic killing of a racial or cultural group

- in whole or in part, sometimes to try to destroy scapegoated groups or political rivals

-- explainng genocide as backwardness doesn't work well for explaining complacency

fundamentalist movements

A conservative movement in theology among nineteenth- and twentieth-century Christians. Fundamentalists believe that the statements in the Bible are literally true.

- members organize movements and communities around religious beliefs, would kill and die for those beliefs

- gained strength in recent decades

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

ideology

symbolizes and intensifies conflicts between groups and states more than it causes them

- works like religion

- sometimes turns back to national interests than ideological ones

irrendentism

regain control over a territory that was once yours

- form of nationalism

mercantilism

influence states foreign policies, practice of centuries past in which trade and foreign economic policies were manipulated to build up a monetary surplus that could be used to finance war

lateral pressure

also connects economic competition with security concerns

- holds that economic growth of states leads to geographic expansion as they seek natural resources beyond their borders

military industry

capacity to produce military equipment, especially high-tech weapons such as fighter aircraft or missiles

drug trafficking

smuggling, which deprives states of revenue and violates states' legal control of their borders

terrorism

political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately

- one person's freedom fighter is another's terrorist

- traditionally, to demoralize a civilian population in order to use its disconnect as leverage

- more deadly in past 50 years

classic: nonstate actor uses attacks civilians across international borders as leverage against state actors

- almost always reflects weakness in the power position of the attacker

- mixed record of success

state-sponsored terrorism

the use of terrorist groups by states, usually under control of a state's intelligence agency, to achieve political aims

- supporting international terrorism: Iran, Syria, Sudan, NK

counterterrorism

political and military measures designed to prevent acts of terror

-Nonviolent end: calls for economic development

- Middle: involve efforts by domestic police, usually in cooperation with other countries' police forces, to apprehend or kill terrorists while breaking up the org

- Other end: organized military conflict

nuclear weapons

Weapons in which the explosive potential is controlled by nuclear fission or fusion, most destructive weapons

nuclear fission

atomic bombs, A-bombs, simpler and less expensive

- Manhattan project

- more accessable

nuclear fusion

thermonuclear bombs, H-bombs

- two small atoms fuse together into a larger atom, releasing energy

- less accessible

delivery systems

the basis of states' nuclear arsenals and strategies

ballistic missiles

a missile with a high, arching trajectory, that is initially powered and guided but falls under gravity onto its target

- extremely difficult to defend against

interconnected ballistic missiles (ICBMs)

longest range, over 5k miles

cruise missile

A small winged missile that can navigate across thousands of miles of previously mapped terrain to reach a particular target; it can carry either a nuclear or a conventional warhead.

missile technology control regime

through this, industrialized states try to limit the flow of missile-relevant technology to states in the global South, but with limited success

chemical weapons

weapons that contain chemical elements, such as chlorine gas and mustard gas

chemical weapons convention

(1992) an agreement that bans the production and possession of chemical weapons and includes strict verification provisions and the threat of sanctions against violators and nonparticipants in the treaty

biological weapons

resemble chemical ones but use deadly microorganisms or biologically derived toxins

biological weapons convention

(1972) an agreement that prohibits the development, production, and possession of biological weapons, but makes no provision for inspections

- several states remain under suspicion of having these still

proliferation

the spread of weapons of mass destruction into the hands of more actors

- erodes great powers' advantage relative to middle powers

non-proliferation treaty (NPT)

1968, created a framework for controlling the spread of nuclear materials and expertise

nuclear strategy

refers to decisions about how many nuclear weapons to deploy, what delivery systems to put them on, and what policies to adopt regarding the circumstances in which they would be used

first strike

attack intended to destroy a state's nuclear weapons before they can be used

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

The possession of second-strike nuclear capabilities, which ensures that neither of two adversaries could prevent the other from destroying it in an all-out war.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

originated in Reagans call for comprehensive shield that would make nuclear missiles obsolete, could shoot down ballistic missles, called Star Wars as well

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

1972, prevented either side from using a ballistic missile defense as a shield from which to launch a first strike

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)

A treaty that bans all nuclear weapons testing, thereby broadening the ban on atmospheric testing negotiated in 1963

- signed 1996 after decades of stalemate

electronic warfare

broadened to information warfare, refers to the use of the electromagnetic spectrum in war and is critical to all tech advanced military warfare

cyberwar

using cyberspace for acts of war, including spying and disrupting an enemy's computer network

international organizations (IOs)

include IGOs and NGOs

peacebuilding

expanded operations after conflicts, effort to provide longer-term support after wars

peacekeeper functions

observing and peacekeeping

international norms

the expectations actors hold about normal IR

- morality is an element of power, drawing on identity, constructivism

- agreed norms of behavior, institutionalized through such orgs, become habitual over time and gain legitimacy

international law

3 sources: treaties, customs, legal scholarship (written arguments of judges and lawyers around the world)

world court (ICJ)

Internation Court of Justice, judicial arm of UN

- Weakness: states have not agreed in a comprehensive way to subject themselves to its jurisdiction or obey its decisions

- No means to enforce the rule

- Justice here moves slowly

diplomatic recognition

the status of embassies and of an ambassador as an official state representative

diplomatic immunity

what diplomats enjoy, even when they leave embassy grounds. their activities fall outside jurisdiction of the host country, so that can act based on their state's rules

interests section

When two countries lack diplomatic relations, they often do business through a third country willing to represent a country's interests formally through its own embassy.

aggression

a state's use of force, or an imminent threat to do so, against another state's territory or sovereignty -- unless the use of force is in response to aggression

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

The core UN document on human rights; although it lacks the force of international law, it sets forth international norms regarding behavior by governments toward their own citizens and foreigners alike

amnesty international

leading organization pressing the struggle of political rights in authoritarian countries

responsible to protect (R2P)

holds that governments worldwide must act to save civilians from genocide or crimes against humanity perpetrated or allowed by their own governments

war crimes

serious violations of human rights during war

crimes against humanity

inhumane acts and persecutions against civilians on a vast scale in the pursuit of unjust ends

international criminal court (ICC)

following Yugoslavia and Rwanda, most of the world's states signed a treaty to create this

- hears CAH anywhere

- idea of universal jurisdiction

prisoners of war (POW)

prisoners have the right under the laws of war to surrender, which is to abandon their status and become POWs

- give up fighting and instead becoming a civilian who cannot be targeted

disinformation

false as well as true information as a means of international influence

virtual currencies

created to facilitate the exchange of goods and services beyond the control of the governments

sustainable development

economic growth that does not deplete resources and destroy ecosystems so quickly that the basis of that economic growth is itself undermined

Commission on Sustainable Development

ensures the high visibility of sustainable development issues within the U.N. system.

- lacks powers of enforcement

- 1992

global warming

long-term rise in the average world temperature

UN Environment Program (UNEP)

main function is to monitor environmental conditions

- IPCC, negotiating forum for these issues

greenhouse gases

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

adopted complex formula for reducing greenhouse emissions back 10 years, in the global north, over about a decade

Paris Climate Agreement

2015, important agreement concerning global climate politics

Ozone layer

Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation.

Montreal Protocol

agreed to reduce CFCs by 50% by 1998, signatories expanded

- Most important success yet achieved in international negotiations to preserve global environment

biodiversity

The amount of biological or living diversity per unit area. It includes the concepts of species diversity, habitat diversity and genetic diversity.

International Whaling Commission

An intergovernmental organization (IGO) that sets quotas for hunting certain whale species; states' participation is voluntary.

high seas

Areas of seas considered beyond territorial waters.

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

world treaty governing use of the oceans; established rules on territorial waters and a 200 mile exclusive economic zone

- US signed in 1994 but never ratified treaty

acid rain

Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.

- regions agree to wanting to limit this

water pollution

The contamination of streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, or groundwater with substances produced through human activities

Toxic and nuclear waste

states try to ship out of their country, international agreements now ban this

Chernobyl

nuclear power plant in Russia that had an explosion in 1986 & released radioactive materials into the air

- created airborne radioactivity that spread over much of Europe

truth commissions

gov bodies that are established in countries after internal wars. Purpose is to hear honest testimony and bring truth to what happened during wars in exchange for offering participants asylum from punishment

nationalism

Devotion to interests of ones own nation over interest of state. Strong sense of belonging in a nation, conveyed through language, culture, or ancestry

territorial waters

water near states shores is usually considered states territory, however the clear definition is not universally agreed upon.

artillery

extremely destructive; causes the most damage and casualties in wars

weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)

nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, all distinguished from conventional weapons by their huge potential lethality and their lack of discrimination in whom they kill

functionalism

growth of specialized technical organizations that cross national borders

- tech and finances that make supranational systems work

- According to functionalists technological and economic development lead to more supranational structures as states seek practical means to fulfill necessary functions (ex: delivering mail from one country to another)

supranational

larger groupings and institutions such as the EU to which state authority or national identity is subordinated (state system that multiple states follow)

neofunctionalism

a modification of functional theory by IR scholars to explain these developments → argue that economic integration (functionalism) generates a political dynamic that drives integration further

kant

he believed collaboration for mutual benefit

UN charter

The founding document of the United Nations;

- states are equal

- sovereignty over their own affairs

- enjoy independence and territorial integrity

- fulfill international obligations

- lays out the structure and methods of the UN.

UN General Assembly

representatives of all states

- economic and social council (deals w how UN programs work together)