Psych 241 WVU Cumulative Final

Throughout the lifespan we change physically, cognitively, and psychosocially. This illustrates the notion that development is ________.

Multidimensional

Because development is multidirectional, at all ages, individuals can compensate for losses by:

Improving existing skills and developing new ones

Following a stroke that affected his balance and muscle strength, Jose participated in three months of physical therapy. Today, Jose feels as strong as he did before the stroke and walks at least ten miles a week for exercise. Jose's ability to overcome his physical limitations after his stroke is an example of:

Plasticity

Millennials or young people reaching adulthood around the year 200, are a generation born around the same time. Millennials are an example of a:

Cohort

____ development is characterized by slow and gradual change, whereas ____ development is characterized by abrupt change.

Continuity;Discontinuity

At the beginning of her first human development course, Vi wondered, "Am I the person I am today because of heredity or did I become who I am because of my environment?" Vi's question reflects the ____ issue in lifespan development.

Nature-Nurture

Contemporary developmental scientists agree that development:

Includes both continuity and discontinuity

Today, most developmental scientists believe that people are ______ their own development.

Active contributors in

The onset of puberty and the onset of menopause are examples of __________ age.

Biological

____ theory is regarded as one of the first lifespan views of development

Erikson's

The concept of discontinuity is characterized by the following, EXCEPT:

Qualitative change

Psychology professor, Dr. Borthwick-Duffy, believes that people are primarily influenced by the environment and learned experiences, so she believes ____ plays a role in human development.

Nurture

According to Piaget, children and adults learn by interacting with their environments and organizing what they learn into _____

Cognitive schemas

Critics have argued that Vygotsky's theory places too little emphasis on:

Genetic and biological factors

In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, culture values, legal and political practices, and other elements of the society at large fall within the _____.

Macrosystem

Vanessa is working on her masters degree in behavioral health. She is interested in adolescents who are most likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as unprotected sex and alcohol and drug use. She plans to conduct a study of 20,000 teenagers across the country to identify trends in high-risk behaviors. Which method of data collection would be best suited for this type of study?

Questionnaires

Casual relationships between variables can only be determined through ____ research

Experimental

Professor Ming studies the effects of trauma on mental health across the lifespan. She plans to conduct a study that includes participants from the following age ranges: 6-12, 13-19, 20-40, and 50-70. All of her participants will be from an area that experienced a natural disaster, such as a deadly hurricane or earthquake. Professor Ming will then look at symptoms of depression and anxiety in each of the age groups to draw conclusions about age-related differences in the processing of traumatic events. Which research design is best suited for this study?

Cross-sectional

Sequential research designs combine the best features of ____ and _____ research

Logitudinal;Cross-sectional

Michael and Matthew are participating in an identical twin study. The boys share what percentage of their genes?

100%

Which process creates unique combinations of genes?

Crossing over

When alleles of the pair of chromosomes are different, the person is ____ and the trait expressed will depend on the relations among the genes.

Heterozygous

Although both of his parents are 5 feet 7 inches tall, 17-year-old Theo is 6 ft tall. He is healthy and has been well nourished since birth. This example illustrates the concept of ______.

Polygenic inheritance or multifactorial inheritence

During the _____ period, all of the organs and major body systems are formed.

Embryonic Period

Newborn Rosie received an Apgar score of 3. This means that Rosie:

Is in serious condition and needs medical attention immediately

The most widespread and routine method of prenatal diagnosis is _________

Amniocentesis

After birth, which part of the body grows last according the proximodistal development principle?

Feet

There has been quite a bit of controversy regarding the differential effects of breast-feeding and bottle feeding. Recent research indicates that:

Breast-feeding is better for the baby's health

There are several potential contributing factors for SIDS. These include all of the following EXCEPT:

Sleeping on the back

The loss of unused neural connections is a process called:

Synaptic Pruning

The creation of new neurons is called:

Neurogenesis

When the brain depends on experiencing certain basic events and stimuli at key points in time in order to develop normally, it is called:

Experience-expectant brain development

How would a researcher study depth perception?

Experiments; visual cliff, preferential looking

How do researchers know that infants can integrate touch and vision early in life?

After infants are allowed to suck on either a smooth or a bumpy pacifier, they prefer to look at the one they had previously sucked on

Anna is asleep in her crib. Her brother comes into her bedroom and slams her door very loudly. Anna throws her arms out, arches her back, and brings her arms back together. She starts to cry. What reflex is Anna demonstrating?

Moro reflex

The ability to control large movements of the body is called:

Gross motor skills

Heather crawls from her room into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves. According to Jean Piaget, this shows that she is capable of:

Object permanence

habituation is defined as _____

Decreased sensitivity toward repeated delivery of a sensory stimulus

Abigail has a puppy. She loves to hold the puppy in her lap and pet it. She visits her grandma's house. Her grandma has bird. The bird does not like to be held or it will bite. Abigail at first tries to grab the bird to hold it and it nips her finger. She learns that she must just pet the bird when it is in the cage. What cognitive process did Abigail need to use?

Accomodation

Grouping different stimuli from a common class is called:

Categorization

A little girl, Bella, just learning to communicate with words, identifies all the Sesame Street characters as "Big Bird" even though her mother corrects her and accurately names all the characters. Bella is demonstrating what language error common among children in their second year?

Overextension

Young infants were taught to kick their foot to make an attached mobile move. When tested one week later, the infants remembered and kicked their legs vigorously to make the mobile move. This is an example of ________ memory

Long term memory

The first developmental milestone infants reach is:

Reaching or grasping for objects

Grace drops her cup of milk on the floor and looks at her mother while saying, "MILK!" What is Grace expressing in terms of her language ability?

Grace is using a holophrase that actually means, "Mom, I spilled my milk on the floor!"

The process of quickly acquiring and retaining a word after hearing it applied a few times is called:

Fast-mapping

What does Chomsky think is housed in the language acquisition device (LAD)?

Universal Grammar

Grace often holds on to furniture as she walks. While walking alongside the couch, Grace turns to reach for the table, misses, and falls. Her father rushes over to pick her up and immediately tries to soothe her. Grace then begins to cry. This is an example of ______.

Social referencing

What is the name of the experimental task in which an infant interacts with an adult who first enages in normal social interaction and then suddenly becomes unresponsive?

Still-face paradigm

Hannah is a baby who is fussy, difficult, and slow to adapt to new situations. Her mother is a very sensitive caregiver and makes sure that Hannah has a strict routine and doesn't get upset when Hannah is fussy. What can we predict about Hannah's developmental outcome?

Hannah's temperament is unlikely to change over time because temperament is an inborn

What was the major finding of the classic Harry Harlow Monkey Experiment?

Baby monkeys preferred a soft, cloth "mother" that provided comfort and security over a wire "mother" that provided food

Cassie is an infant who has a mother that is very sensitive to her needs and responds to her every time she cries. Cassie grows into a toddler that loves to explore her environment and is very independent. What would Erikson say that Cassie has developed in her first year of life to behave like she does as a toddler?

Trust

At which age do infants begin to display emotional expressions such as anger, sadness, joy, surprise and fear?

2-7 months

Kenzie is an infant that sucks her thumb when she is anxious. She also chews on toys when she sees other children fighting. As an older child, she goes to her room when her brothers fight with each other. Why does Kenzie do all of these behaviors?

Kenzie is engaging in emotion regulation

Which outcome will most likely occur when toddlers are allowed to explore the world around them within appropriate behavioral expectations?

develop autonomy, self-reliance, self-control, and confidence

What concept is defined as a characteristic, predictable style that is influenced by inborn tendencies toward arousal and stimulation, and experiences with adults and contexts?

Temperament (like a temper)

Which culture tends to raise babies to be more passive, less irritable and vocal, and more easily soothes when upset?

Japan

A lasting emotional tie between two people who each strive to maintain closeness to the other and act to ensure that the relationship continues is called:

Attachment

Olivia is an infant taking part in the Strange Situation. When her mother comes back in the room, she ignores her mother and fails to greet her, even when her mother calls her name. When her mother tries to pick her up, she turns away. What attachment type is Olivia's behavior consistent with?

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

What is the most important determinant of infant attachment?

Responsive and sensitive caregiving

Donna is a mother who behaves in a frightening way around her child. She has been reported to child protection services for possibly abusing her child. What attachment type is her baby most likely to develop?

Disorganized-Disoriented

Daniel's mother just bought him new shoes for his 13th birthday. Three weeks later they are too small. Two months later those shoes were too small. What is happening?

Daniel has begun going through the adolescent growth spurt

The biological transition to adulthood is called _________.

Puberty

Bill and his parents argue about his bedtime. Bill is an adolescent and he wants to stay up late and get up late. Bill's parents worry that his sleep habits may be detrimental to his school work and extracurricular activities. Which of the following is true about Bill's desire to go to bed late and sleep late? Bill's sleep pattern:

Delayed sleep preference

What is the area of the brain that is responsible for self-control and planning that is immature in young adolescents?

Prefrontal Cortex

Research has examined the age at which individuals' physical abilities are at their highest levels. Interestingly, research has found that the majority of individuals reach their physical peak ____________.

Between 20 and 25

Which brain structure is myelinated and increases linearly throughout adolescence into adulthood?

Prefrontal Cortex

Your roommate tells you to take care of your body and don't subject it to stress because it will make you age faster. Your roommates advice is consistent with the _________ theory of aging.

Wear-and-tear

How long does the whole process of puberty take on average for boys and girls to complete?

4 years

Which stage of Piaget's scheme of cognitive development corresponds with adolescence?

Formal operational reasoning

Natalie is a good student and likes to participate in class. When she was in third grade, she has a hard time not blurting out answers. She wanted to answer every question. Now that she is in 10th grade, she is better at controlling her behavior and only raises her hand once or twice each class. What cognitive advance has Natalie experienced?

Response inhibition

What is the pattern of gradual age related declines in physical functioning called?

Senescence

Which parenting style is the most supportive of a child's academic performance and motivation?

Authoritative

Which of the following patterns of thinking is associated with postformal thought?

Ability to think both practically and abstractly

Why do educators, scholars, and policy makers call the population of non-college-bound youth the "forgotten"?

Because relatively few resources are allocated to understanding and assisting them

Who is most likely to display dualistic thinking where knowledge is viewed as either right or wrong?

Beginning college students

What is occurring in adolescents' brains when they are misinterpreting facial expressions?

The limbic system is active but the prefrontal cortex is inactive

According to Erikson, adolescents are in the crisis of:

Identity vs. role confusion

Ashley is very good at solving problems. She likes working with objects-taking them apart and putting them back together. She once disassembled an engine and put it back together. What personality type is Ashley?

Realistic

How do adolescents express personal fable?

They tell lies to others in order to make them think they are better at something than they really are

Which of the following is NOT one of the five features of emerging adulthood?

Stability

The most easily recognizable influence on adolescents is the ___________

Peer group

Researchers refer to large, reputation-based collectives of similarly stereotyped individuals who may or may not spend a lot of time together such as "jocks", "brains", and "druggies" as adolescent _______________.

Crowds

Valencia is an American teenager. Like most teenagers, Valencia will feel greatest pressure from peers to conform to:

Personal choices, such as choice of clothing and music.

Which of the following individuals is least likely to experience emerging adulthood?

Michael a high school dropout

Sally is completing college and entering young adulthood. While Sally has a lot of decisions to make about her life, Erikson would argue that the most important conflict Sally must confront is between:

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Robert and Mary's romantic relationship is characterized by a warm and trusting connection and self-disclosure. The two have also made the decision to remain together through good and bad times even though they are no longer sexually attracted to each other. According to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, Robert and Mary's relationship has ________ & __________ while it does not have ____________.

Intimacy;Commitment;Passion

What quality is especially important in a marriage for marital harmony and increased marital satisfaction, especially in Western countries?

Egalitarian relationships

Currently divorce rates in the US have:

Decreased

During the transition to parenthood, most couples will NOT experience:

An increase in relationship satisfaction

What predicts readiness for intimate and committed romantic relationships?

Identity achievement