Ap geo - Mr Sinn terms

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Population Density

The number of people living in a given area, usually measured per square kilometer or mile.

Population Distribution

The spatial arrangement of people across Earth's surface.

Refugees

People forced to flee their country due to conflict, persecution, or disasters, unable to return safely.

Remittance

Money sent by migrants to family members in their home country, often supporting the local economy.

Step Migration

Migration that occurs in stages, such as moving from a village to a town and then to a city.

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock and people between highland and lowland pastures.

Transnational Migration

When people move across international borders while maintaining connections to their home country.

Voluntary Migration

When people choose to move, often for economic opportunities or better living conditions.

Acculturation

The process of cultural change that occurs when one group adopts some traits of another while maintaining its own identity.

Assimilation

The process by which a minority group adopts the dominant culture, often losing its original traits.

Built Environment

The human-made surroundings, including buildings, roads, and infrastructure, that shape the landscape.

Centripetal Force

A factor that unifies people and strengthens a state, such as a common language or religion.

Centrifugal Force

A factor that divides people and weakens a state, such as ethnic conflict or political instability.

Colonialism

The practice of one country establishing settlements and exerting control over another territory.

Imperialism

The broader policy of extending a country's power through diplomacy or military force, often without settlement.

Creolization

The blending of different languages and cultures, often seen in colonial regions where indigenous, European, and African influences mix.

Cultural Convergence

The process by which different cultures become more alike due to globalization and the spread of ideas.

Cultural Divergence

When cultures become more distinct due to resistance to outside influences or geographic separation.

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the environment, including buildings, roads, and agricultural patterns.

Dialects

Regional variations of a language with distinct pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.

Ethnic Religions

Religions that are closely tied to a specific ethnic group and do not actively seek converts, such as Hinduism or Judaism.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one’s own culture is superior and using it as the standard to judge others.

Global/Modern Culture

A culture influenced by mass media, technology, and international interaction, often spreading Western norms.

Hearth

The place where a cultural trait, idea, or innovation originates and begins to spread.

Indigenous Culture

The traditions and practices of native groups who have maintained their heritage despite external influences.

Isogloss

A geographic boundary that separates different linguistic features, such as word usage or pronunciation.

Land-Use Patterns

The ways people use land for activities like agriculture, industry, and urban development.

Language Families

Groups of related languages that share a common ancestral language, such as Indo-European or Sino-Tibetan.

Lingua Franca

A common language used for communication between speakers of different native languages, such as English in global business.

Multiculturalism

The coexistence of diverse cultures in a society, promoting respect and recognition of different traditions.

Postmodern Architecture

A style that emerged as a reaction against modernist simplicity, incorporating diverse designs and historical elements.

Sense of Place

The emotional connection people have to a location based on their experiences and cultural identity.

Sequent Occupancy

The concept that different cultural groups leave layers of influence on a place over time.

Syncretism

The blending of different cultural or religious traditions into a new, unique practice.

Time-Space Convergence

The idea that technology and transportation reduce the time needed to travel and communicate over distances.

Toponyms

The names given to places, which often reflect cultural history, geography, or significant events.

Types of Diffusion

The ways cultural traits spread, including relocation (through migration) and expansion (through interaction, hierarchical, contagious, or stimulus diffusion).

Universalizing Religion

A religion that seeks to convert people worldwide, such as Christianity, Islam, or Buddhism.

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land, indicating the efficiency of agricultural production in a region.

arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area, measuring population distribution in a region.

asylum seekers

Individuals who flee their home country due to persecution or fear of persecution and seek protection in another country.

brain drain

The emigration of highly trained or qualified individuals from one country to another, often resulting in a loss of skilled labor in the originating country.

CBR

The crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year, used to measure population growth.

CDR

The crude death rate (CDR) is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year, used to assess mortality rates in a population.

IMR

The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given year, reflecting the health of a population.

TFR

The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime, given current birth rates and assuming she survives through her childbearing years.

NIR/RNI

The natural increase rate (NIR), also known as the rate of natural increase (RNI), is the difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths in a population over a specific period, typically expressed as a percentage of the total population.

carrying capacity

is the maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely without degrading the environment, based on available resources.

chain migration

is a process where migrants from a particular town or region follow others from that area to a new destination, often due to family or community ties

circular migration

is the temporary movement of individuals between their home and host locations, often for work or education, with the intention of returning

Cohort

Is a group of individuals who share a common characteristic typically used in demographic studies to track changes overtime

dependency ratio

Is a measure of the ratio of dependence (people younger than 15 or older than 64) to the working age (ages 15-64) used to assess the economic burden of the productive population

ecumene

The inhabited areas of the earth were people live, contrasting the uninhabited region

guest worker

A person who is permitted to work in a country temporarily often filling, labor shortages in sector, such as agriculture or construction

hollow core

A model explaining urban development where cities population density decreases at its center leading to an area of low occupancy within the urban space

internal migration

The permanent movement of people within a country often from ruled to urban areas in search of better economic opportunities or living conditions

internally displaced person

A person who has been forced to flee their home but remains within their countries borders often due to conflict persecution or national disasters

intervening obstacles

factors that hinder migration such as physical barriers or legal restrictions that prevent people from moving to their desired destination

intervening opportunities

Factors that encourage migration by providing advantages or benefits along the migration route, making certain destinations, more attractive

mathusian theory

Theory proposed by Thomas Mathus, that growth outpace food production leading to the widespread famine and society struggles

neo mathusians

Advocates of a revised enthusiast theory that emphasizes the potential for overpopulation, and it affects on resources arguing the population growth can lead to environmental degradation and food scarcity

physiological density

The number of people per unit area of arable land indicated population pressure on agricultural resources

population density

population distribution

The spatial arrangement of people across Earth's surface.

refugees

People forced to flee their country due to conflict, persecution, or disasters, unable to return safely.

remittance

Money sent by migrants to family members in their home country, often supporting the local economy

step migration

Migration that occurs in stages, such as moving from a village to a town and then to a city.

transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock and people between highland and lowland pastures

transnational migration

When people move across international borders while maintaining connections to their home country.

voluntary migration

When people choose to move, often for economic opportunities or better living conditions.

Census

A systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data about a population, typically conducted every ten years to gather demographic information.

Clustering

The process of grouping individuals or items in close proximity to one another, often observed in population distribution patterns.

dispersal

The spatial distribution of individuals within a population, which can be uniform, random, or clumped.

distance decay

The principle that as the distance between two places increases, the likelihood of interaction between them decreases, often affecting cultural and economic exchanges.

friction of distance

The concept that distance creates a barrier to interaction, affecting the flow of people, goods, and information between locations.

geographic system

A framework that encompasses the interactions and relationships between various geographic elements, including physical, biological, and human systems.

large scale maps

Maps that show a small area with a high level of detail, typically used for urban planning or local navigation.

meridian of longitude

An imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, used to measure degrees of east or west from the Prime Meridian.

parallel of latitude

An imaginary line that runs parallel to the equator, used to measure degrees of north or south from the equator.

place

A specific location defined by its physical and human characteristics, often used in geography to describe the uniqueness of a location.

reference maps

Maps that show the location of various features such as roads, boundaries, and landmarks, often used for navigation and orientation.

scale of analysis

The level of detail or geographic extent used in analyzing data, which can range from local to global perspectives in geographic studies.

site

The physical characteristics of a specific location, including its terrain, soil, and climate, which contribute to its uniqueness.

situation

The location of a place relative to its surroundings and other locations, including its accessibility and connections to other areas.

small scale maps

maps that depict large areas with less detail, often used to show broader geographic trends.

spatial association

The degree to which two or more phenomena are related to each other in space, often used to identify patterns or correlations in geography.

sustainability

The ability to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, often involving environmental, economic, and social considerations.

Thematic maps

maps that focus on a specific theme or subject, such as population density, climate, or economic activity, rather than on geographic features.

time space compression

The phenomenon where the relative distance between places decreases due to advancements in transportation and communication technology, making it easier to connect and interact across long distances.

toponyms

Names given to places or features, reflecting cultural, historical, or geographical significance.

Bid-rent theory

A theory that explains how land value and rent decrease as distance from the central business district (CBD) increases.

Bounds

Natural or artificial features used to define property lines or territorial limits.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain based on available resources.

Commercial agriculture

Large-scale farming focused on producing crops and livestock for sale rather than local consumption.

Commodity chains

The sequence of steps in the production and distribution of a good, from raw materials to final consumers.

Community-supported agriculture

A system where consumers buy shares of a farm’s harvest in advance to support local food production.

Desertification

The process where fertile land becomes desert due to drought, deforestation, or unsustainable farming.

Extensive farming

Agricultural practices that use large areas of land with minimal labor input, such as ranching or shifting cultivation.

Fair trade

A movement that promotes ethical labor and environmental standards while ensuring fair wages for producers.

Fallow

Farmland left unplanted for a period to restore soil fertility.