fertilisation takes place __**outside the body (in vitro)**__ and the embryo is implanted into the uterus for development.
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Cloning
a technique used to make a genetically identical copy of an organism.
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Natural Clones
Bacteria reproduce by binary fission (splitting in two), each resulting bacteria is a clone of the parent.
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Reproductive Cloning
a genetically identical copy of a whole organism (it is illegal to clone humans)
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stem cell
a cell that is not differentiated and does not have a specific function. It can give rise to multiple cell types - more stem cells or other cell types
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cell when they differentiate
a cell that belongs to a particular cell type which has a specialised role and it forms one of the 250 cell types of the body. role of stem cells in an adult
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role of stem cells in an adult
growth, repair, maintenance and repair. Regenerates tissues and replacing cells through daily wear and tear.difference between embryonic stem cells and adult (somatic) stem cells?
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Embryonic Stem Cells
Pluripotent Stem cells
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difference between embryonic stem cells and adult (somatic) stem cells?
embryonic stem cells can give rise to all different types of cells whereas adult (somatic) stem cells can only give rise to certain types of cells
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Adult (somatic) Stem Cells
Multipoint Stem cells
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umbilical cord blood so valuable?
cord blood stem cell transplants are less prone to rejection probably because cells have not developed features that can be recognized + attacked by patient's immune system.
Umbilical cord blood lacks well developed immune cells, so less chance will attack recipient's body
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how stem cells are being used in bone marrow transplants?
Leukemia results when white blood cells grow and function abnormally and don't fight off infection. Chemotherapy used to kill abnormal cells but if cannot eliminate them all then a bone marrow transplant is used.
Patients bone marrow stem cells are replaced with those from healthy matching donor after patients existing marrow and white blood cells are killed.
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Newton's 1st Law of Motion
An object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by a net force. An object will continue to travel at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted on by a net force.
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Newton's 2nd Law of Motion
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass.
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Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
For every ‘action’ force there is an equal and opposite ‘reaction’ force
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Newton’s 2nd law of motion formula
**Net Force = mass x acceleration**
**F = maForce**
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Force
a push or a pull (N) mass x acceleration
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Mass (m)
the amount of matter in an object (kg)
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Acceleration
the change in speed of an object (m/s2)
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Weight (W)
the force of gravity acting on an object (measured in Newtons)weight of an object
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weight of an object
W = m x g
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G
acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
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speed formula
distance/time
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Acceleration
change in speed/time taken = (final speed - initial speed)/time taken. force/mass
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