Unit 7 Term List

Motivation

Directs behavior toward a goal.

Instinct theory

Gene-driven behavior.

Drive reduction theory

Goal: homeostasis - fulfill needs.

Incentive theory

Pulled, motivated by environment.

Arousal theory

Optimal levels of arousal for performance.

Yerkes-Dodson law and curve

Optimal level of performance based on arousal.

Hierarchy of needs (Abraham Maslow)

Certain needs have priority.

Physiological needs

Basic needs related to self-esteem and achievement.

Motivation Conflict Theory (Kurt Lewin)

Choices can create conflict and stress.

Vacillation

Back and forth between choices.

Approach-approach conflict

One choice is desirable; the other is undesirable.

Approach-avoidance conflict

One choice has both desirable and undesirable aspects.

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Both choices are undesirable.

Sensation-seeking theory

Some personalities seek thrill.

Intrinsic motivation

Biological want to satisfy needs.

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation influenced by the environment.

Self-determination theory

Determination impacts mental health.

Achievement motivation

Desire for accomplishment.

Affiliation need

Need to belong to groups.

Satiety

Feeling full.

Stomach contractions

Signals to brain for hunger.

Hypothalamus

Regulates hunger.

Glucose

Blood sugar maintained by the pancreas.

Insulin

Decreases glucose; hunger increases when low.

Ghrelin

Hormone that stimulates the drive to eat.

Leptin

Signals that the body is full.

Pituitary gland

Controls hormones in the body.

Set point

Genetics and environment influence satisfaction.

Emotion or Affect

Organisms' response to the environment.

James Lange Theory

Emotional experience follows physiological response.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Body response and emotion occur simultaneously.

Schater-singer two-factor theory

Body arousal plus cognition equals emotional experience.

Richard Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal theory

Cognition precedes emotional response.

Joseph LeDoux’s high road vs. low road of emotion

Low road: fight or flight via amygdala; high road: thinking.

Paul Eckman 7 universal emotions

Different cultures recognize the same emotions.

Display rules

Cultural norms about expressing emotions.

Stress

Response to stressors.

Eustress

Positive stress that motivates.

Distress

Negative stress that debilitates behavior.

ACE’s

Adverse childhood experiences can impact life.

Fast stress

Immediate fight or flight response.

Slow stress

Chronic stress leading to health problems.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Three phases of the body's response to stress.

Type A

Characterized by seeing stress as a challenge.

Type B

Less aggressive approach to stress.

Tend and befriend theory

Tending to needs and building connections.

Problem-focused coping

Addressing stressors as problems.

Emotion-focused coping

Coping with strong emotional responses.

Positive psychology

Factors that lead to well-being.

Subjective well-being

Levels of satisfaction and evaluation of life.

6 categories of virtue

Signature strengths identified in individuals.

Broaden and build theory

Positivity encourages new actions and thoughts.

Post-traumatic growth

Positive change following adverse events.