Bio Keystone Review

Biology

Biology

The study of life, including many different specialized topics relating to life including what living things look like, how they work, anatomy, behavior, where life comes from, and where living things are located

Homeostasis

The act and process of returning to a stable state, especially in physical processes, like within the body

Taxonomy

The classification of something, particularly living scientific systems

Prokaryote

An organism which is unicellular, small, and has no nucleus

Eukaryote

An organism which is multicellular, large, complex, and have nuclei.

Proton

A particle of an atom with a positive charge found in the nucleus

Neutron

A particle of an atom with a neutral charge found in the nucleus

Electron

A particle of an atom with a negative charge found in the shells

Covalent bonds

A bond between atoms involving the sharing of electrons

Ionic bonds

A bond between atoms involving the transfer of electrons

Polar covalent bonds

A bond where atoms share electrons, but the distribution is uneven due to one element having a strong force of attraction

Non-polar covalent bonds

A bond where atoms share electrons and have an even distribution of them. (causes equally distributed charge)

electronegativity

The attraction level of of electrons to an atom

Hydrogen bond

A bond where the charge is uneven (one side slightly positive, one side slightly negative) due to a high electronegativity

Adhesion

When molecules are attracted to a different type of molecule. (one thing sticks to something ELSE)

Cohesion

When molecules are attracted to the same type of molecule (itself)

High specific heat

The need for immense amounts of energy to increase water temperature

Hydrophobic

Scared of water / doesn’t mix

Hydrophilic

Wants to mix/interact with water

Functional group

The parts of a molecule that makes it act the way it does.

Organic molecule

A molecule made up of elements bonded with carbon AND hydrogen.

Inorganic molecule

A molecule NOT containing carbon and hydrogen.

Isomer

An molecule with the same chemical formula, but different arrangement

Dehydration synthesis

When water is removed as a remainder in the bonding of a compound

Hydrolysis

When a compound bond is broken due to the addition of water

Monosaccharide

simplest form of carbohydrate molecules (cannot be broken down) *one simple sugar*

Polysaccharide

Multiple carbohydrate molecules or mono/disaccharides bonded together to create a complex carbohydrate *complex sugars*

Phospholipid

A lipid molecule containing a phosphate group; helps build cell membranes

Saturated fat

A fatty acid fully saturated with hydrogen atoms (ALL SINGLE BONDS) (straight structure, solid)

Unsaturated fat

A fatty acid not fully saturated with hydrogen atoms *HAVE DOUBLE BONDS!!! (bent) liquid

Peptide bond

A covalent bond in which makes a protein by a reaction between a carboxyl group and amino group of two molecules

Nucleus

Center of a cell containing chromosomes and storing genetic information.

Nucleolus

A darker sphere within the nucleus; makes ribosomes.

Nucleoid

A place that holds DNA (floats)

Membrane bound organelle

An organelle held together by its own membrane, seperate from the cell membrane.

Compound light molecule

A microscope that has 2 lenses and uses light to illuminate the subject. The compound under the microscope must be transparent in order to see through it.

Ribosomes

An organelle which helps create proteins in a cell.

Lysosomes

A membrane bound organelle which clears waste and digests unwanted materials from the cell.

Centrosomes

A cell structure that is involved in cell division; cytoskeleton organizing center.

Large central vacuole

Large central vacuoles serve to store water and minerals in a plant cell.

Cell wall

A structural layer surrounding the cell, outside the cell membrane. **Found in plant and bacteria cells.

Osmosis

Water molecules moving through the cell membrane towards an area with higher concentration (of solutes)

Fluid mosaic model

A model depicting parts of the cell membrane.

Hypertonic

Having a high concentration of solutes or particles in the concentration.

Hypotonic

A low amount of solutes in the concentration.

Isotonic

Solution where you have the same concentration of solutes in each solution (inside and outside).

Plasmolysis

When the cell shrinks/shrivels due to loss of water.

Lyse

The rupturing of the cell wall due to intracellular pressure.

Active transport

molecules moving in/out of a cell membrane from low to high concentrations (using energy *ATP)

Passive transport

molecules moving in/out a cell membrane from high to low concentrations. (not using energy)

Endocytosis

The absorption of molecules through vesicles.

Exocytosis

The exit of molecules from the cell through the fusion with the cell membrane.

Endothermic

A reaction where heat is absorbed

Exothermic

A reaction where heat is released

Anabolic

Chemical reaction where energy is absorbed, molecules becoming 'bigger' (combining)

Catabolic

Chemical reaction where energy is release, large molecules breaking apart

Chloroplasts

An organelle containing green pigment; the site of photosynthesis

Thylakoid

Reactional site (light reaction) within chloroplasts made of lipids and proteins; flattened folded membranes

Stroma

A supportive fluid in the empty space within the chloroplast.

Electron transport chain

A chain of proteins that passes/transfers electrons down the chain to generate energy molecules.

Calvin cycle

A set of chemical reactions in the chloroplast - turning carbon dioxide into sugars.

Chemiosmosis

When chemicals move down their concentration gradient through the cell membrane.

Glycolysis

Glucose breaking down (splitting in half) - which releases energy.

Krebs Cycle

Also known as the citric acid cycle, a cycle aerobic respiration in which some ADP is converted to ATP - the continue to break down the sugar molecule to get the rest of the energy out of it.

Matrix

Fluid in the inner most membrane.

Cristae

The inner most membrane.

DNA

A double helix - made up of a phosphate, ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base -- responsible for carrying genetic information

RNA

A molecule inside cells responsible for distributing genetic information and instructions.

DNA polymerase

An enzyme that is responsible for a majority of the parts of DNA replication; adds new nucleotides to build new DNA

Helicase

Unwinds DNA in order for replication to take place.

Transcription

When you make RNA off of DNA as a template.

Translation

The process in which a cell makes proteins using the information in mRNA.

mRNA

A form of RNA that acts as a messenger, where carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

tRNA

A form of RNA that acts as a transferer, they match with the mRNA - allowing them to be in correct order. *tRNA brings/transfers amino acids to the ribosomes.

Polypeptide

A substance that contain many amino acids that link together to make a protein.

Missense mutation

A mutation in which a nucleotide changes, resulting in a different codon.

Nonsense mutation

A mutation which causes a protein to end early due to an early stop codon being triggered.

Interphase

A resting phase between the sectors of mitosis or meiosis.

Mitosis

A phase in the cell cycle where replicated chromosomes separate into two nuclei.

G naught

When a cell enters a phase where it will never divide again.

Prophase

The first phase of cell division where chromosomes are formed, the nuclear envelope disappears, and spindle fibers form.

Metaphase

The second phase of cell division where the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Centromere

The piece between the chromatid that links them together.

Centriole

Two small barrel shaped protein organelles, that are inside the centrosome, where the spindles come out of.

Chromosome

Long fibers of DNA, wrapped in proteins.. containing genetic information.

Haploid

A cell with a single copied set of chromosomes (unpaired)

Diploid

A cell with two sets of chromosomes.

Homologous chromosomes

A pair of chromosomes coding to the same genetic category.

crossing over

Parts of one chromosome passing over to another in meiosis.

nondisjunction

Chromosomes not separating in meiosis resulting in an abnormal amount of chromosomes.

zygote

A cell formed from the two types of sex cells. 'a fertilized egg' : they are diploid (haploid + haploid)

gamete

The reproductive cells of animals x plants. >> Haploid

allele

A variation of the same type fo code for DNA. (found around the same place on a chromosome)

genotype

Genetic arrangement with inherited parental traits.

phenotype

The physical appearance of a being.

heterozygous

having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.

test cross

A breeding experiment to determine an unknown genotype by breeding it with a homozygous recessive genotype.