International Integration and Development Concepts

International Integration

the process by which supranational institutions come to replace national ones; the gradual shifting upward of some sovereignty from the state to regional or global structures

Integration

defined - process by which supranational institutions come to replace national ones or shifting to sovereignty from national institutions toward regional/global ones

Supranational

larger institutions and groupings such as the EU to which state authority or national identity is subordinated

Neofunctionalism

a theory that holds that economic integration (functionalism) generates a "spillover" effect, resulting in increased political integration

Security community

a situation in which low expectations of interstate violence permit a high degree of political cooperation—as, for example, among NATO members

European Union (EU)

the official term for the European Community (formerly the European Economic Community) and associated treaty organizations. At the beginning of 2018, the EU has 28 member states, although Great Britain voted in 2016 to exit the EU

Treaty of Rome (1957)

the founding document of the European Economic Community (EEC), or Common Market, subsumed by the European Union

Euratom

an organization created by the 1957 Treaty of Rome to coordinate nuclear power development by pooling research, investment, and management

Free trade area

a zone in which there are no tariffs or other restrictions on the movement of goods and services across borders

Customs union

a common external tariff adopted by members of a free trade area; that is, participating states adopt a unified set of tariffs with regard to goods coming in from outside

Common market

a zone in which labor and capital (as well as goods) flow freely across borders

Monetary union

common monetary policy (interest rates)

Fiscal union

common fiscal policy (taxation & spending)

Political union

common government

Council of the EU

Made up of national government ministers

European Parliament

Share the legislative power with the Council of the EU; Supervise other EU bodies; Represent the voice of EU citizens: directly elected by voters in EU members

European Council

Composed of state leaders; Provide general directions of the integration process; Not legislative

European Commission

Executive; Represent the EU in trade negotiations; Work for the EU

European Court of Justice

Judicial; Supremacy of EU law over national law; Binding; Enforceable

European Central Bank

FRB; Abandon monetary autonomy

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

a European Union policy based on the principle that a subsidy extended to farmers in any member country should be extended to farmers in all member countries

USMCA

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement

CACM

Central American Common Market

Mercosur

Southern Cone Common Market

CARICOM

Caribbean Community

ASEAN

Association of South East Asian Nations

ECOWAS

Economic Community of West African States

GCC

Gulf Cooperation Council

Council of the European Union

a European Union institution in which the relevant ministers (foreign, economic, agriculture, finance, etc.) of each member state meet to enact legislation and reconcile national interests.

Single European Act

an act that set a target date of the end of 1992 for the creation of a true common market (free cross-border movement of goods, capital, people, and services) in the EC.

Maastricht Treaty

a treaty signed in the Dutch city of Maastricht and ratified in 1992; it commits the EU to monetary union (a single currency and European Central Bank) and to a common foreign policy.

Euro

also called the ECU (European currency unit); a single European currency used by 19 members of the EU.

Lisbon Treaty

a EU agreement that replaces a failed attempt at an EU constitution with a similar set of reforms strengthening central EU authority and modifying voting procedures among the EU's expanded membership.

Digital divide

the gap in access to information technologies between rich and poor people, and between the global North and the global South.

Virtual currencies

currencies created by users as a way to facilitate the exchange of goods and services beyond the control of governments.

Cultural imperialism

a term critical of U.S. dominance of the emerging global culture.

Collective goods defined

something that once created becomes freely available to everyone.

Environment defined

the external surroundings in which a plant or animal lives.

Tragedy of the commons

a collective goods dilemma that is created when common environmental assets (such as the world's fisheries) are depleted or degraded through the failure of states to cooperate effectively.

Biodiversity

extinction of plant and animal species due to human activity.

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

an international treaty adopted in 1992 aimed at addressing climate change.

Kyoto Protocol

a major international treaty on global warming, which entered into effect in 2005 and mandated cuts in carbon emissions.

Paris Agreement

an international treaty on climate change adopted in 2015, aiming to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

Greenhouse gases

carbon dioxide and other gases that, when concentrated in the atmosphere, act like the glass in a greenhouse, holding energy in and leading to global warming.

Ozone layer

the part of the atmosphere that screens out harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun.

Montreal Protocol

an agreement on protection of the ozone layer in which states pledged to reduce and then eliminate use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Ozone depletion

the reduction of the ozone layer caused by chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons.

International Whaling Commission

an international body that regulates whaling and aims to ensure the conservation of whale populations.

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission

an international organization that manages tuna and other marine resources in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

1992 Convention on Biological Diversity

an international treaty aimed at conserving biological diversity, promoting sustainable use of its components, and ensuring fair sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)

an international agreement between governments to ensure that international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

High seas

the portion of the oceans considered common territory, not under any kind of exclusive state jurisdiction

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

a world treaty (1982) governing use of the oceans. The UNCLOS treaty established rules on territorial waters and a 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

Acid rain

rain caused by air pollution that damages trees and often crosses borders. Limiting acid rain (via limiting nitrogen oxide emissions) have been the subject of several regional agreements

Chernobyl

a city in Ukraine that was the site of a 1986 meltdown at a Soviet nuclear power plant

Demographic transition

the pattern of falling death rates, followed by falling birthrates, that generally accompanies industrialization and economic development

Pronatalist

describing government policy that encourages or forces childbearing, and outlaws or limits access to contraception

Infant mortality rate

the proportion of babies who die within their first year of life

Less-developed countries (LDCs)

the world's poorest regions—the global South—where most people live. Also called underdeveloped or developing countries.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

UN targets for basic needs measures such as reducing poverty and hunger, adopted in 2015.

Basic human needs

the fundamental needs of people for adequate food, shelter, health care, sanitation, and education.

Malnutrition

a lack of needed foods including protein and vitamins; about 3 million children die each year from malnutrition-related causes

Subsistence farming

rural communities growing food mainly for their own consumption rather than for sale in local or world markets

Cash crops

agricultural goods produced as commodities for export to world markets

Urbanization

a shift of population from the countryside to the cities that typically accompanies economic development and is augmented by displacement of peasants from subsistence farming

Land reform

policies that aim to break up large landholdings and redistribute land to poor peasants for use in subsistence farming

Migration

movement between states, usually emigration from the old state and immigration to the new state

Refugees

people fleeing their countries to find refuge from war, natural disasters, or political persecution.

Remittances

money sent home by migrant workers to individuals (usually relatives) in their country of origin

Economic surplus

a surplus created by investing money in productive capital rather than using it consumption

World-system

a view of the world in terms of regional class divisions, with industrialized countries as the core, poorest countries as the periphery, and other areas (for example, some of the newly industrializing countries) as the semiperiphery

Resource curse

the difficulties faced by resource-rich developing countries, including dependence on exporting one or a few commodities whose prices fluctuate, as well as potentials for corruption and inequality

Imperialism

the acquisition of colonies by conquest or otherwise.

Neocolonialism

the continuation, in a former colony, of colonial exploitation without formal political control

Dependency theory

a Marxist-oriented theory that explains the lack of capital accumulation in the third world as a result of the interplay between domestic class relations and the forces of foreign capital

Enclave economy

a historically important form of dependency in which foreign capital is invested in a third world country to extract a particular raw material in a particular place—usually a mine, oil well, or plantation.

Bilateral Foreign Aid

Direct N government to S government

IGO lending

N government to S government through an IGO (World Bank, IMF, regional development banks)

Private Sector Loans

N private sector and S government

Economic development

the combined processes of political accumulation, rising per capita incomes (with consequent falling birthrates), increasing of skills in the population, adoption of new technological styles, and other related social and economic changes

Newly industrializing countries (NICs)

third world states that have achieved self-sustaining capital accumulation, with impressive economic growth.

Four tigers/Four dragons

the most successful newly industrialized areas of East Asia: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore

Import substitution

a strategy of developing local industries, often conducted behind protectionist barriers, to produce items that a country had been importing

Export-led growth

an economic development strategy that seeks to develop industries capable of competing in specific niches in the world economy

Microcredit

the use of very small loans to small groups of individuals, often women, to stimulate economic development

Technology transfer

third world states' acquisition of technology (knowledge, skills, methods, designs, specialized equipment, etc.) from foreign sources, usually in conjunction with direct foreign investment or similar business operations

Brain drain

poor countries' loss of skilled workers to rich countries

Default

failure to make scheduled debt payments

Debt renegotiation

a reworking of the terms on which a loan will be repaid; frequently negotiated by third world debtor governments in order to avoid default

Paris Club

a group of first world governments that have loaned money to third world governments; it meets periodically to work out terms of debt renegotiations

London Club

a group of private creditors that have loaned money to third world governments; it meets periodically to work out terms of debt renegotiations

IMF conditionality

an agreement to loan IMF funds on the condition that certain government policies are adopted.

Foreign assistance

money or other aid made available to third world states to help them speed up economic development or meet humanitarian needs.

Development Assistance Committee (DAC)

a committee whose members—consisting of states from Western Europe, North America, and East Asia—provide 95% of official development assistance to countries of the global South.

Bilateral aid

government assistance that goes directly to third world governments as state-to-state aid

Multilateral aid

government foreign aid from several states that goes through a third party, such as the UN or another agency

UN Development Program (UNDP)

a program that coordinates the flow of multilateral development assistance and manages 6,000 projects at once around the world

Peace Corps

an organization started by President John Kennedy in 1961 that provides U.S. volunteers for technical development assistance in third world states

Oxfam America

a private charitable group that works with local third world communities to determine the needs of their own people and to carry out development projects.

Disaster relief

provision of short-term relief in the form of food, water, shelter, clothing, and other essentials to people facing natural disasters