Final Exam Study Guide - Key Terms and Concepts

Regular

19th Century __ were usually leaders in the government, wanted monarchies, and believed people should have limited rights.

Leaders in the government who wanted monarchies and limited rights for people.

19th Century _usually consisted of peasants and the working class, and they protested for more rights, freedom, and fairness.

Peasants and the working class who advocated for change, more rights, freedom, and fairness.

The __ first met in 1814 to rearrange territories in Europe to balance political and military power.

A series of meetings from 1814 to 1830 that aimed to rearrange territories in Europe and balance political and military power.

The Congress of Vienna established the __ in France.

Established the Bourbon Monarchy in France.

__ was Austria's foreign minister and a firm believer in conservatism.

An Austrian foreign minister and a firm believer in conservatism.

The __ allowed countries to use their armies to suppress revolutions in other countries, but this was opposed by Britain.

A policy allowing countries to use their armies to suppress revolutions in other countries, opposed by Britain.

The __ is the belief that descendants of original rulers have a right to the throne.

The belief that descendants of original rulers have a right to the throne.

The __ were farmers in Tolpuddle, England who were arrested for forming a trade union to protest against working conditions.

Farmers in Tolpuddle, England, who formed a trade union to protest against horrible working conditions and were later arrested.

Examples of the __ include Belgium's rebellion against the Dutch Republic, Greece's rebellion against the Ottoman Turks, and Paris overthrowing Charles X.

Belgium rebelled against the Dutch Republic, Greece rebelled against the Ottoman Turks, Paris overthrew Charles X.

During the __, rebellions occurred in about 50 countries due to economic problems and political oppression.

Rebellions occurred in about 50 countries due to economic problems and political oppression.

Many people rebelled in 1848 because of and .

Prolonged economic problems and political oppression.

__ was the monarch of France elected after the provisional government was toppled.

Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte.

The __ was an all-German Parliament that wanted to make Germany a liberal country with a parliamentary government.

An all-German Parliament that wanted to make Germany a liberal country with a parliamentary government.

The __ began when Russia invaded Moldavia and Wallachia, leading to a war with Great Britain, France, and the Ottoman Turks.

Russia invaded Moldavia and Wallachia, leading to a war with Great Britain, France, and the Ottoman Turks.

The first step in German unification was when hired as a military leader, who created the theory of Realpolitik.

Wilhelm I hired Otto Von Bismarck as a military leader, who created the theory of Realpolitik.

Bismarck's theory of stated that countries should .

Do whatever is necessary to achieve their goals.

During German Unification, Bismarck provoked France into a war, and won and gained the territories of and __.

Prussia won and gained the territories of Alsace and Lorraine.

Just like Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm I were to German unification, and were to Italian unification.

Count Camilo di Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel.

__ unified Southern Italy using his mercenary army.

Giuseppe Garibaldi.

The __ established the dual monarchy of Hungary and Austria after Austria’s defeat by Prussia in 1866.

The dual monarchy of Hungary and Austria.

__ was the monarch of both Austria and Hungary.

Francis Joseph.

The __ were known for a lot of inbreeding, which led to a famous deformity known as the “Habsburg chin”.

The Habsburgs.

Laissez-faire economics meant that and there was .

Businesses could run freely, and there was no government interference.

__ ruled England from 1837-1901, a period known as the Victorian Era.

Queen Victoria.

__ abolished serfdom in Russia.

Tsar Alexander II.

The was a period of with __.

Rapid development in technology with horrible working conditions.

Inventions of the First Industrial Revolution included the __, __, __, __, and __.

Spinning Jenny, steam engine, power loom, cotton gin, telegraph.

Features of the Second Industrial Revolution included and inventions such as the , , , and __.

Better worker conditions, move toward steel production, telephone, automobile, light bulb, airplane.

Zone 1 countries had features such as a __, __, __, __, and __.

Manufacturing economy, more rights and amenities, better transportation, richer, more mobilized military.

Key industries during the Industrial Revolution included __, __, __, __, __, __, __, __, __, and __.

Textile, cotton, iron, coal, electricity, petroleum, chemical, steel, transportation, communication.

Changes resulting from industrialization included __, __, and __.

Workers' lives became easier, leisure time was newly developed, and houses were made for the working class.

The Communist Manifesto was outlined by and .

Marx and Engels.

Marx and Engels falsely predicted that and will have a socialist revolution

Countries without absolute monarchies and countries that were industrialized.

__ are organizations of workers that advocate for their rights.

Organizations of workers that advocate for their rights.

__ was a modern feminist who formed the Women’s Social and Political Union in Britain.

A modern feminist who formed the Women’s Social and Political Union in Britain.

Romanticism emphasized __, __, and and had a and __ era.

Emphasis on feelings, emotions, and imagination, belief in individualism, and preference for the medieval or Gothic era.

Realism meant that the and .

World should be looked at realistically, relating to a scientific outlook.

was a French realist painter who painted .

A French realist painter who painted ordinary people doing ordinary things.

was a British novelist who showed during the early industrial revolution.

A British novelist who showed the reality of life for the poor during the early industrial revolution.

was a Spanish painter, known for his black paintings.

A Spanish romantic painter.

was an American known for __.

An American poet and writer known for horror stories and poems.

was a German painter, who painted Wanderer in the Mist.

A German romantic painter.

__ wrote Frankenstein, a famous horror novel.

Mary Shelley.

__ controlled India, Egypt, Nigeria, Sudan, South Africa, Burma, New Guinea, Malaya, and Singapore during the Imperialism.

Britain.

__ controlled Cameroon and part of Eastern and Southwestern Africa during the Imperialism.

Germany.

During the Imperialism, the European countries significantly and these countries.

They significantly industrialized these countries and gave the citizens proper education.

meant that officials from the mother country .

Officials from the mother country took the positions of authority in the government.

meant that worked in the government for the mother country.

Local officials worked in the government for the mother country.

The Pan-German League and

Expressed nationalism, wanting to expand abroad, and expressing anti-semitic views.

The __ was a meeting where the big powers in Europe split up the Balkan territories.

A meeting where the big powers in Europe split up the Balkan territories.

was a Russian socialist group that wanted .

A Russian socialist group that wanted to overthrow the tsar through radical means.

__ was a conference in which the European powers split Africa into colonies for each power.

The Congress of Berlin (1884).

__ was the final battle between the British and the people in Sudan.

The final battle between the British and the people in Sudan.

During the Genocide in Rwanda, the tribe killed Tutsi over __ days.

The Hutu tribe killed around 1 million Tutsi over 100 days.

During in Russia, as the protest began, there were many casualties and deaths.

Police officers started firing into the crowd after workers refused to back off.

After the __, the Japanese were given __and Russia ceded __.

The Japanese were given control of Korea, and Russia ceded Port Arthur, Manchuria, and the southern half of the Sakhalin Island.

's poem, “”, he viewed __how to act properly.

Kipling viewed the colonized as inferior and that it was the duty of the civilized to teach the barbaric how to act properly.

Lord Frederick Lugard argued that imperialism __.

Benefits both the mother country and the colonial country.

Impacts of Imperialism on __ the profits

All classes will receive more money, more amenities, and a lot of profits.

Impacts of Imperialism on __ profit

Merchants profit, education, infrastructure, cured famine and disease, and a civilized government.

The Negatives impacts of __ include exploitation of resources and workers, loss of culture, and no equality.

Exploitation of resources and workers, loss of culture, and no equality.

promoted ideas that humans .

Darwin promoted the idea that humans are materialistic beings in the natural world.

justified imperialism by

Traditional Social Darwinists justified imperialism by natural selection.

was an Indian independence leader who used tactics.

Indian independence leader who used nonviolence tactics.

Aurobindho Ghose advocated that after seeing

Violence was necessary after seeing the horrific treatment of the rebelling Indians.

The formed so the because ___.

Muslims believed they weren’t being represented, and they formed their league to advocate for equality for Muslims in India.

The Sepoy Mutiny sparked when it was rumored that __

Cartridges in the rifles were being greased with cow and pig fat.

Freud best known for __.

The Id - Unconscious, Ego - Conscious, Superego - Moral.

Social Darwinism portrayed ___.

Jews were inferior and justified it because of Social Darwinism.

Zionism, founded by ___.

A Jewish nationalist movement founded by Theodore Herzl for a mass emigration of Jews to their state.

The Long Term causes of WW1 were ___.

Militarism, Alliances, and Nationalism.

The Short-term cause of WW1 were ___.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed by ___.

The Black Hand.

WW1 alliance known as Triple Alliance were ___.

Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary.

WW1 alliance known as Triple Entente were ___.

Russia, Britain, and France.

Conscription happened because ___.

Countries weren’t getting volunteers so used conscription, Britain and the US were some of the last countries to use it.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk __

Ended Russia’s participation in the war because Russia gave up its border states and its Balkan territories.

David Lloyd George, was

British Prime Minister during WW1 who wanted Germany to pay reparations.

The Treaty of Versailles ends __.

Ends WWI, terms Rhineland = demilitarized, Germnay is blamed, Germany reduces military & pays reparations, Alsace and Lorraine return to France

Goals of the Dawes Plan was __.

To help Germany Pay back reparations.

The Kellogg-Briand Pact __.

Said war would not be used to solve conflicts.

The Treaty of Locarno __

Defined the borders of Germany with France and Belgium.

Goals of the Dawes Plan was __.

Led to a decline in laissez-faire economics, trade decline, industrial production fell, and increased unemployment.

John Maynard Keynes argued __and should happen because __

Unemployment leads to a lack of demand, and governments should interfere in the economy and help employ citizens while using deficit spending.

Adolf Hitler had beliefs of ___

Hitler had beliefs of racism, anti-semitism, and extreme nationalism

Mein Kampf was

Book by Hitler, that Outlined plans he had for the Nazi regime

Mussolini established but had

Founded the OVRA, used mass media, maintained traditional social values and church support.

Totalitarianism __

Asserts full control over the population

Appeasement meant __

Belief if satisfied, European states met the reasonable demands of the dissatisfied states, then there would be peace

Anschluss meant __

Hitler forced the union of Germany and Austria

Stalingrad was a key __

Guiding star Soviet army, turning point of the war,

El Alamein __

Stopped the German advance in Egypt.

Known as history’s greatest naval invasion

The Allied powers can open up a second front

The Non-Aggression Pact and terms were ___ .

Pact was signed between Hitler and Stalin,terms are, The two sides wouldn’t fight each other in the war & The Soviet Union can occupy East Poland and the Balkan states

The Holocaust _ .

A mass murder of Jews

Blitzkrieg, was a German war strategy that

Strategy are the, Panzer divisions break through enemy lines very quickly,Airplane support, lots of supplies

Impact on Civilians in Japan__

Was the dropping US bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki to make Japan surrender

Truman Doctrine __

Truman policy stated that the United States would help countries that were forced to be Communist