Community & Public Health Nutrition Mock Board Exam Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering key community and public health nutrition concepts, guidelines, policies, and research methodologies based on the board exam review material.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

The largest daily nutrient intake shown to harbor no adverse side effects to a large majority (almost all) of individuals in a specific age or gender group.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for Fat in Adults

Based on the Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes (PDRI), energy from fat as a percentage of total energy for adults should be within $15\text{--}30\text{\%}$.

Pinggang Pinoy Meat Portion

According to Pinggang Pinoy, meat, fish, and alternatives should comprise approximately $1/6$ ($\sim 17\%$) of the plate, while fruits and vegetables comprise half.

Initiating Stage of Nutritional Deficiency

Inadequate dietary intake of one or more nutrients, which precedes any measurable biochemical, functional, or clinical changes in the body.

Assessment Method for the First Stage of Nutrient Deficiency

Dietary assessment (recalls, food records, FFQs), as it directly measures intake adequacy before tissue stores are depleted or clinical signs appear.

Determinants (Epidemiology)

The standard epidemiological term for factors that influence the frequency and distribution of health-related states (including biological, chemical, physical, social, cultural, economic, genetic, and behavioral factors).

Conceptual Framework Formulation

A research framework created by drawing upon related studies and existing theories to map out relationships among specific concepts and variables under study.

Main Advantage of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)

Enables researchers to control for both known and unknown confounding variables through random allocation.

Methodological Research Design Objective

An objective specifically aimed at evaluating a measuring instrument to assess its reliability and validity in measuring complex or abstract concepts.

Nutritional Epidemiology

The study of the assessment of diet and its relationship to disease etiology in populations.

Refinement (3Rs of Science)

Principles of good science aimed at finding ways to minimize animal pain, suffering, and distress in laboratory settings, such as providing toys or technician training.

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Classification

An experimental research study design involving manipulation of variables, not a method used for assessing dietary intake.

Overall Goal of Nutritional Epidemiology

To contribute to the prevention of disease and the improvement of public health across populations.

Cross-Sectional Study Design

An observational study design used to determine the current, simple relationship between an exposure (e.g., wealth status) and an outcome (e.g., daily fruit intake).

Two-Sample T-Test

A parametric statistical test used to compare the means of exactly two groups when the data is normally distributed.

Hawthorne Effect

A phenomenon that occurs when individuals observed during a research study temporarily change their behavior or performance simply because they know they are being studied.

Primary Rationale for Random Sampling

To ensure every member of the population has an equal chance of selection, allowing study findings to be validly generalized to the broader population.

Nutritional Exposure

The cause or predictor (independent variable/risk factor) investigated for its effect on health outcomes, such as physical activity, coffee intake, or reading food labels.

Interpretation of Correlation ($r = 0.16, P = 0.002$)

There is no meaningful (or only a weak) linear correlation between variables, but the result is statistically significant and unlikely caused by random chance.

Primary Purpose of a Nutrition Survey

To determine the prevalence of specific nutrient deficiencies in a population to guide national policy and program planning.

Presentation Perez

The first president of the Dietetic Association of the Philippines.

Program Evaluator Function

A public health nutritionist role focused on determining a program's success or failure by systematically evaluating its activities and results against objectives.

Food and Nutrition System

A set of processes and conditions by which food is produced, processed, stored, marketed, distributed, prepared, and consumed for proper nutrition and good health.

Public Health Nutrition

An art and science of promoting health through an organized effort of improving the food and nutrition system across population groups.

Assessor Function (Public Health Nutritionist)

Assisting the community in identifying their needs and helping them realize their nutrition and nutrition-related problems as a first step in planning.

Non-Component of Nutrition Surveys

Randomized controlled trial design, as RCTs are experimental intervention designs rather than descriptive survey components.

Program Administrator Role

A function of a public health nutritionist focusing on financial management and organizing personnel involved in nutrition program implementation.

First Philippine Nutrition Survey (1910)

Released during the American Regime, primarily focused on investigating beriberi and its links to eating polished white rice.

Primary Goal of Nutrition Surveillance System

Continuous population-level data collection specifically to inform public health policies and interventions related to nutrition.

Dr. Francisco O. Santos

A Filipino chemist and agricultural scientist recognized as the 'Father of Human Nutrition' in the Philippines and first president of the Philippine Association of Nutrition.

Cellular Role of Protein

Acts as the primary building substance of the cell, providing structure, catalyzing reactions as enzymes, and facilitating transport.

Non-Standard Component of Nutrition Surveillance

Assessing the availability of processed foods in supermarkets, which is too narrow and specific to be a defining component of surveillance.

Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary cell region that acts as a selective barrier to the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Embryonic Period

The gestational stage (weeks 3–8) characterized by rapid differentiation and establishment of basic body systems and organ structures.

Hyperplasia vs. Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells through cell division, whereas hypertrophy is an increase in the size of existing cells.

Purpose of the Menstrual Cycle

To develop and release a mature ovum (ovulation) and to prepare the uterine lining (endometrium) for potential implantation.

Hypothalamus (Female Hormonal System)

The anatomical source and organ of origin for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH).

Role of Nutrition Surveillance in Emergencies

Serves as an early warning system for food crises and allows rapid assessment of disaster impacts on acute malnutrition trends.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A hormone secreted by the placenta that stimulates the continued secretion of estrogen and progesterone.

Nutritional Requirements in Pregnancy

Increased to meet the needs of the growing fetus/maternal tissues and to build nutrient reserves for delivery and lactation.

Key Characteristic of Effective Surveillance Systems

Provides information that is relevant, timely, and accessible for population-level decision-making.

Morning Sickness Dietary Avoidance

Avoid consuming citrus juices, milk, coffee, tea, or large amounts of plain water when experiencing nausea as they aggravate symptoms or stimulate gastric acid.

Lactation

The entire, ongoing process of milk synthesis and secretion by the mammary gland.

Hormones of Lactation

Includes prolactin (milk synthesis), oxytocin (let-down reflex), and estrogen (mammary gland development). Insulin is not a primary lactation hormone.

Human Milk Composition Stability

Human milk macronutrient content (protein, carbohydrates) remains remarkably stable regardless of maternal diet, but micronutrients and fatty acids depend heavily on maternal nutrition.

Amino Acid Profile of Human Milk

Rich in taurine and cysteine, but relatively low in methionine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine compared to cow's milk.

Primary Purpose of the National Nutrition Survey

To determine the nutritional status of Filipinos and identify population-wide areas of nutritional concern.

Prostaglandins in Human Milk

Anti-infectious and protective factors in human milk that maintain the structural integrity of the gastrointestinal tract epithelium.

Galactosemia Contraindication

An absolute metabolic contraindication to breastfeeding because the infant cannot process galactose, causing toxic buildup in blood and tissues.

Aspirin Caution in Lactation

A drug that must be given with caution to nursing mothers because it may cause metabolic acidosis and skin rashes in nursing infants.

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) vs. Malnutrition

Diabetes is classified as an NCD rather than a form of malnutrition (which comprises stunting, wasting, micronutrient deficiency, and obesity).

Failure to Thrive

A term referring to a child who presents with poor post-natal weight gain or physical growth deviation, falling short of general health expectations.

IMCI Red Triage Code

Indicates an urgent need for hospital referral or admission under the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness color-coded system.

Normal Preschool Food Behaviors

Characterized by erratic/unpredictable appetite and common food rituals, with a preference for sweet and mild (non-spicy) flavors.

Meeting Preschool Nutrient Needs

Providing small, varied meals sufficient to satisfy appetite along with nutritious mid-morning and afternoon snacks to match high activity levels.

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

A condition in preschool children characterized by loss of subcutaneous fat and gross muscle wasting (marasmus).

Catch-Up Growth

Accelerated physical growth following a period of growth faltering or deficit, allowing a child to regain their expected growth trajectory.

Pediatric Protein Requirement

Relatively higher in relation to body weight than that of adults to support rapid cell synthesis and tissue growth.

Puberty

The specific biological process of physical maturation during which the body matures into an adult state capable of reproduction.

School-Age Brain Growth

Brain growth slows down considerably during school age as head and brain development is essentially complete after infancy.

Prevalency of Meal Skipping

A common dietary pattern issue prevalent among school children and adolescents, rather than preschool-age children.

Bulimia Nervosa

A psychological eating disorder known as 'gorge and purge,' characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like purging.

Gagging Behavior

A feeding issue primarily prevalent among preschool children rather than adolescents.

Adolescent Obesity Interventions

Standard recommendations include increased exercise, dietary modification, and food use retraining; formal psychotherapy is referred to specialized mental health professionals.

Physiologic Maturity

Achieved when full genetic body size and adult stature/proportions are attained, marking the completion of physical growth.

Lifestyle

Refers to a person's unique pattern or total way of living.

2022 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS) Special Goal

Designed specifically to compare nutrition and health indicators before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Gerontology

A branch of science dealing with the psychological, social, economic, physiological, and medical aspects of aging.

Wear-and-Tear Theory of Aging

Attributes aging to progressive mechanical and chemical exhaustion/deterioration of cells and tissues over time.

Somatic Mutation Theory of Aging

Proposes that aging occurs when cells are inactivated or rendered defective due to accumulated uncorrected errors in DNA replication.

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

A behavior change model predicting intentions and actions using personal attitudes toward the behavior and perceived subjective social norms.

Application of Theory of Planned Behavior

Best used when community participation is driven by personal beliefs about benefit (attitude) and encouragement from friends (subjective norm).

Paralinguistic Non-Verbal Communication

Communication conveyed through vocal inflection and tone of voice rather than explicit written or spoken words.

Cartoons in Nutrition Education

Colorful and engaging visually-based education materials best suited for mental feeding activities among daycare children.

Health Promotion

A broad process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their overall health status.

Community Organizing

A process by which a community identifies its needs, prioritizes them, builds confidence, mobilizes resources, and develops collaborative action.

Alliance Building Action

Convening key persons and influential partners who can contribute directly to program implementation.

Audio Media Example

Podcast, which delivers audio-only content, as opposed to audio-visual materials like video, vodcasts, or TV.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A psychological assessment instrument used to classify individual learning styles and personality preferences.

Nutrition Counseling in Diabetes Management

The preferred nutrition education strategy for diabetic patients because it provides tailored, individualized dietary instruction.

Tertiary Audience

A group (such as religious leaders) with a general interest or indirect connection to a message, rather than direct receivers or primary influencers.

Ottawa Charter

An international agreement signed at the WHO First International Conference on Health Promotion considering all health determinants.

Readiness (Element of Learning)

The physical or mental preparedness and willingness of an individual to learn, act, or handle behavior change.

Self-Efficacy

An individual's confidence in their ability to execute behaviors necessary to perform a specific task (e.g., 'I can exercise').

Barrier (Behavioral Theory)

An obstacle, cost, or hindrance preventing an individual from carrying out a recommended health response or action.

Primary Audience

The specific individual or target population segment intended to be directly reached and influenced by health messages.

Authoritative Teaching Procedure

Lecture, an instruction method where an authority directly presents structured information to learners.

Exhibit

An organized public display of materials, specimens, models, or visual illustrations of objects or processes.

Importance of Theories in Nutrition Education

Used to shape nutrition interventions and provide a conceptual framework answering the 'why, what, and how' of behavior change.

Behavior Change Communication (BCC)

A multi-level tool for promoting and sustaining risk-reducing behavior change by distributing tailored messages through diverse channels.

Brazil (UN Decade of Action on Nutrition)

The first country to make specific formal commitments under the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition.

Sustainable Development Goal 2

A global goal affirming to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture ('Zero Hunger').

1992 First International Conference on Nutrition

The year in which the First International Conference on Nutrition (ICN) was jointly convened by the WHO and FAO.

WHO 2025 Global Nutrition Targets

Includes six childhood targets: reduction in stunting, wasting, overweight, anemia, low birth weight, and increasing exclusive breastfeeding.

Cardiovascular Diseases (Global Burden)

The condition accounting for the highest proportion of non-communicable disease deaths worldwide.

WHO Physical Activity Recommendation for Adolescents

At least an average of 60 minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity across the week.

WHO Free Sugars Guidelines

Recommends reducing free sugar intake to less than 10% of total daily energy intake in both adults and children.

Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping Timing

Recommended to occur not earlier than 1 minute after birth to improve maternal/infant health and iron status outcomes.

WHO Sodium Intake Guidelines

Recommends reducing sodium intake to $<2\,\text{g/day}$ (equivalent to $5\,\text{g/day}$ salt) in adults to lower blood pressure.

Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) Protocol

Should be provided as close to continuous as possible for newborns weighing $2000\,\text{g}$ or less at birth.