Bio OpenStax ch4-6

Cells

____ are the units of structure & function

Theory of Biogenesis

the principle that states “All cells arise from pre-existing cells” is called?

Cells

All ____ have these 4 components

• Plasma Membrane

• Cytoplasm

• DNA

• Ribosomes

Cells & Cell Products

all living things are made up of ____ & ______

Water

Cytoplasm is a mostly made of?

DNA

What thing’s function is to code for proteins?

the Plasma Membrane

What is another name for the phospholipid bilayer?

Plant cells

Do plant cells or animals cells have cell walls? (only one has em btw)

Animal call does NOT use cellulose

Which cell type does NOT have/use cellulose?

Animal cell

Plant cell

Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cells

These cells have:

1 chromosome, NO NUCLUES and no membrane bound organelles. These cells DO HAVE CELL WALLS THO

(Trick question) they can ALL have cell walls (some types of eukaryotes like animal cells don’t but shhhh the genre as a whole can have em)

Which cell type CANNOT have a cell wall?

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Plant Cells

Fungi Cells

Eukaryotes are bigger 💅

Which cell is bigger than the other?

Prokaryotic cells vs Eukaryotic cells

Plant cells & Fungi cells

In Eukaryotes, cell walls are only found in which cells?

Nucleoid

In a Prokaryote, it’s chromosome is singular, circle shaped, and in a “jumble” called a _____.

Prokaryotic

Which type of cell has no membrane bound organelles (hint think broadly not specific)

Eukaryotic

Which type of cells HAS organelles bound in a membrane?

Eukaryotic

Which type of cell has 1 or more chromosomes found in a nucleus, and has cell walls found only in plant and fungi cells?

Fluid Mosaic Model

What is the principle called describing the cell membrane, which states that a variety of particles move thru/around the membrane?

Phospholipid Bilayer

What is the cell membrane called, specifically in reference to what it’s made out of?

Proteins + other molecules

The cell membrane is made of what things?

Cellulose

IN PLANTS:

What is the cell wall made of?

Chitin

IN FUNGI ANNND ARTHROPODS

What is the cell wall made of?

To provide strength, rigidity, and maintain turgor pressure

In plants, what is the purpose/function of having cellulose make up the cell wall?

The Nucleus 🥳

What is the largest organelle (in most cells 💀)

Nuclear Envelope

The ____ refers to the 2 membranes (basically a quad bilayer🤯) that surround the nucleus

Nuclear Pores

These shits are proteins that perforate the Nuclear Envelope and regulate traffic 🚧

Chromatin

-Fine😮‍💨, thread-like matter that r made/composed of DNA & Protein

Nucleoli

-these guys r masses where Ribosomes🥵 are produced

Ribosomes🥵

-Small granules/clusters of proteins & RNA

-Functions: interpret genetic code & synthesize polypeptides

-(translate DNA to usable proteins/amino acids)

Ribosomes

Which organelle interprets genetic code and synthesizes polypeptides?

Ribosomes🥵

Which organelle translates DNA into usable proteins

Proteins🤭

What (small/particle?) thing “builds just about everything”?

MITOCHONDRIAAAAAA

Which organelle synthesizes ATP?

Mitochondria

Which organelle gets it DNA from ur mom😳

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

Which 2 organelles are just packets of digestive substances?

Peroxisomes

Which organelle oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids with H2O2?

(it’s also a packet of digestive substances)

Lysosomes

Which organelles breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, cell parts?

(it’s also a packet of digestive substances)

lipids

Lysosomes break down proteins, polysaccharides, ____, nucleic acids, cell parts.

polysaccharides

Lysosomes break down proteins, _____, lipids, nucleic acids, cell parts.

nucleic acids

Lysosomes break down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, _____, cell parts.

cell parts

Lysosomes break down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, _____.

proteins

Lysosomes break down _____, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, cell parts.

fatty acids

Peroxisomes oxidize _____ and amino acids with H2O2.

oxidize

Peroxisomes _____ fatty acids and amino acids with H2O2.

Amino Acids

Peroxisomes oxidize fatty acids and ____ with H2O2.

H2O2

Peroxisomes oxidize fatty acids and amino acids with what?

Vacuoles

Which organelle contain water and dissolved materials?

Vacuoles

Which organelle (in plants) can provide Turgor to plants?

Vacuoles (dw too much abt this one tho cuz spell check usually shows up on tests 🤫🤫)

Is it spelled Vacoules or Vacuoles?

(yes Lounsberry will mark us off on this if it’s wrong 💀💀)

Protists

In which of the 5 family/class/groups do Vacuoles function to pump out excess water?

Plants (Vacuoles also provide turgor but that would’ve been a dead giveaway)

In which of the 5 class/family/groups do Vacuoles function to store nutrients?

Turgor= Pressure from fluids against the cell wall, BASICALLY rigidness/stiffness.

If not enough turgor, the plant can wilt :(

What is turgor in plants? (provided by Vacuoles & Cellulose 🤓) and what can happen if there’s not enough turgor pressure in a plant?

Vacuoles

In Protists, which organelle pumps out excess water?

Vacuoles (also provides turgor)

In Plants, which organelle stores nutrients?

Centriole

Which organelle is a short assembly of microtubules that “play a role” in cell division?

-they also form the basal body of a flagellum/cillium?

that Membrane bound organelles share 😚😚connections 🥰💫🧚 w each other (either psyhsichally or w vesicles)

What does the words “Endomembrane System” refer to/mean?

Vacuoles = storage(ish) ONLY also NOT in animal cells

Vesicles = storage, AND transportation

What is the difference between a Vacuole and a Vesicle 💀💀

FALSE (only found in plants/protists, not animals)

True or false:

Vacuoles are found in animal AND plant cells

True (VACUOLES are the ones not found in animals)

True or False:

Vesicles are found in plant AND animal cells

Vacuoles

The Endomembrane system refers to connections between these organelles:

ER, Nuclear Envelope, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, and ______

Lysosomes

The Endomembrane system refers to connections between these organelles:

ER, Nuclear Envelope, Golgi Apparatus, ____, Vacuoles

Golgi Apparatus

The Endomembrane system refers to connections between these organelles:

ER, Nuclear Envelope,_____, Lysosomes, Vacuoles

Nuclear Envelope

The Endomembrane system refers to connections between these organelles:

ER, _______, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles

ER

The Endomembrane system refers to connections between these organelles:

____, Nuclear Envelope, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles

ER

Which organelle is made of interconnected😏 channels that produce molecules?

ROUGH ER

Which organelle is made of flattened sacs COVERED w ribosomes😛?

SMOOTH🦵 ER

Which organelle is made of tubular channels with NO RIBOSOMES😖?

Smooth ER

Which ER type produces lipids 😳😳

ROUGH ER

Which ER type produces proteins, and membrane? 😳😳

Rough ER

Which ER type uses transport vesicles?

Rough ER

Which ER type has Ribosomes😛

Golgi Apparatus/Complex

Which organelle’s functions are storage, modification, packing of materials to be secreted(cell products)?

Golgi Apparatus/Complex

Which organelle has Vesicles budding off of it?

Chloroplasts

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts

Which organelle contains stroma fluid and chlorophyll, and gramma?

Grana or singular form “granum”

What are the stacks of discs found in Chloroplasts that are “power packs for photosynthesis” called?

Cytoskeleton

What is this called:

“a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence”?

The Cytoskeleton 🫳🎤

Protein filaments/cylinders, Microtubules, Intermediate, and Microfilaments are all components of what 🎤🤏

AND CAN PROVIDE MOVEMENT

Movement

Protein filaments/cylinders, Microtubules, Intermediate, and Microfilaments are all components of the Cytoskeleton and can provide ______

On top 🔝 of Microtubules

Where do walking proteins walk in relation to the Cytoskeleton

Cilia and Flagella

The Basal Bodies of ___ and ____ are made of Microtubules

Microtubules

The Basal Bodies of Cilia and Flagella are made of what?

Cell Junctions

What is the term for the place where cells come together 🥵 and which functions include resisting stress, communication, and moving shit?

Cell Junction

The functions of this type of cell meeting are to resist stress, communicate, and move shit.

Tight Junction

What type of cell meeting is described as “proteins that encircle an epithelial cell near its apex (seals off intercellular space)”?

Tight Junctions

What type of cell junction is watertight, but not mechanically resistant to stress?

Desmosomes

What type of cell junction is described as “a patch-like intercellular junction that MECHANICALLY links 2 cells together to keep the cells from pulling apart”?

Desmosomes

What type of cell junction mechanically links cells?

Hemidesmosome

What type of cell junction could be described as “Basement membrane anchors”?

Gap Junction

What type of cell junction is described as “rings of proteins allow solutes to pass directly between cells”?

Active transport

What type of transport requires energy?

Passive Transport

Which type of transport is diffusion?

Facilitated Transport

What type of transport uses carrier proteins?

Osmosis

What term best describes this situation:

Water follows the solutes

Hypertonic

What is it called when there are more solutes in the blood OUTSIDE a red blood cell?

Cell can shrivel up and die :,)

In a Hypertonic cell, which occurs when there are more solutes outside the cell than inside, what can happen to the cell?

Hypertonic

Which cell “condition” refers to a cell shriveling up because of more solutes outside than inside the cell?

Hypotonic

What cell “condition” occurs when there are too little solutes outside a red blood cell? (less solutes outside cell, too much solutes inside cell)

Water flows into the cell, can inflate and explode 💀

What can happen to a Hypotonic cell, which occurs because of less solutes outside of the cell (too many solutes inside the cell)?

Hypotonic

What cell “condition” refers to a red blood cell inflating and potentially exploding (bc the outside has too little solutes)?