GLST 201 Midterm

Global Studies

multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary field exploring globalization and transnational phenomena

Borders

lines separating political or geographical areas, like countries

Geographic Borders

defined by features such as oceans and terrain

Political Borders

defined by independent political systems

Economic Borders

regions dividing people with different incomes or levels of wealth

Social Borders

class divisions and distinct culture associated with social borders

State

independent sovereign country

Nation

country united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular area or territory

Cultural Borders

groups with shared beliefs, practices, and values

GDP

total value of all things produced in a region

GDP per capita

average wealth of individuals in a country, calculated by dividing GDP by the population

Purchasing Power Parity

value based on local goods' value and what local currency can purchase

Nominal Value

unadjusted value of a single currency's exchange rate without inflation adjustment

Language

system of verbal communication shared by a group of people (Political distinction)

Dialect

language specific to a particular region or group of people (Not linguistic distinction)

Official Language

language with special legal status in a country, state, or jurisdiction

Globalization

social process pushing towards globality

Golden Straitjacket

defining political economic garment of globalization; tighter wear produces more gold

Hyper-Globalization

extreme interconnectedness and integration among countries and economies globally

Three Waves of Globalization

The Silk Road, Age of Sailing, and Industrial Age

Autarky

deliberate policy and ideology of economic independence or self-sufficiency

Isolationism

policy and ideology of non-involvement in other countries' affairs or interests

Gross Domestic Happiness

measure of economic and moral progress

Citizenship

relationship between an individual and a state, involving allegiance and state protection

Global Citizen

individuals identifying as members of a global community

Geography

the study of the earth and its characteristics

Cartography

the depiction of physical and human-made borders

Cartogram

a map that shows statistical data using shades, curves, or dots instead of geographic accuracy

Alexander Von Humboldt

He is widely respected as one of the founders of modern geography

Human Geography

study of how humans' interface with the physical environment and how political, economic, social, and cultural factors influence these connections

Continents

large contiguous landmass separated by expanses

Regions

defined by having some degree of commonality, whether it be climatic, political, social, cultural, etc.

Myth of Continents

The reexamination of basic geographical divisions we take for granted, and challenges social and cultural concepts of continents

Core-Periphery

central region in an economy (Asia continent the region would most likely be China)

Geopolitics

politics, especially international relations, as influenced by geographical factors

Geographic Determinism

belief that the natural environment plays a significant role in shaping human activities and behaviors

Projection

any of a broad set of transformations employed to represent the curved two-dimensional surface of a globe on a plane (sphere to a flat surface)

Geostrategy

about securing access to certain trade routes, strategic bottlenecks, rivers, islands and seas (Russian ports in the Black Sea)

Cultural Geography

a subfield of human geography that studies the interaction between culture and landscape

Demography

stats study of human population and population change

Malthusian Crisis

Population growth outpaces agricultural production

Yuxi Circle

The world's most densely populated area (India/China)

Historic Demography

discipline that emerged in the 1950s, applying modern demography concepts and techniques to historical data

Population Structure Diagram

is a graphical illustration of the distribution of a population by age groups and sex

One Child Policy

a population planning initiative in China implemented between 1979 and 2015 to curb the country's population growth by restricting many families to a single child

Population Projection

estimate of a future population

Deforestation

Purposeful cutting, clearing, and removal of large forested areas for other uses, creating new less biodiverse ecosystems

Examples of Deforestation

Commercial Logging, Land clearing, Crop Cultivation, Grazing Land, & Ethnic Cleansing

Impacts of Deforestation

Releases Carbon, Destruction of habitat, Soil Erosion, & Aridification

Why are they Deforesting Amazon Rainforest

Cattle Ranching, Industrial Agriculture (Soy Beans), and Poor people seeking opportunities

Impacts of Deforesting Amazon Rainforest

Displacement of Indigenous Peoples, Destruction of Biodiversity, Soil Erosion, Aridification, & Release of Carbon

Afforestation

Establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no recent tree cover

Example of Afforestation

Shandong China

Desertification

Process of large areas of land degrading into less biologically productive and diverse areas, as well as more arid due to natural processes or human influence

Impacts of Desertification

Dust storms, Loss of soil moisture, Erosion, Flash flooding, Reduced water quality, & Decreased food production

The Shelter Belt

Barrier of vegetation, typically consisting of lines of trees and shrubs (The Great Plains Shelter Belt response to Dust Bowl)

Aral Sea

The Great Plains Shelter Belt due to USSR rerouting river for their cotton fields

The Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature

Stalin's plan for the transformation of nature, for agricultural practices and water projects to improve agriculture in the nation

The Great Green Wall

Initiative to increase the amount of arable land in the Sahel, the region bordering Africa's Sahara Desert

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch

Collection of marine debris in the North Pacific

Microplastics

Tiny plastic particles that result from both commercial product development and the breakdown of larger plastics

Pm2.5

(Fine Particulate Matter) refers to particles in the air that measure less than 2.5 micrometers (μm) in diameter

Airmageddon

Dense smog engulfing Beijing

Heavy Metals

Lead, Mercury, Zinc, Cadmium, & Arsenic

Carbon Leakage

Exportation of the negative environmental implications in the production of particular goods

Global Tipping Points

When a climatic system, with just a small amount of additional heat energy, is pushed from one stable state to another state suddenly and dramatically

Energy Storage

Capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time to reduce imbalances between energy demand and energy production

Peak Demand

Amount of capacity required during the single moment when the grid as a whole experiences the highest demand for power

Political science

Study of politics, political behavior, and political power within a system(s) of government, with states as the main actors.

State

Centralized political organization that imposes and enforces rules over a population within a territory.

Sovereignty

Supreme power of a nation or state within its borders.

Treaty of Westphalia

Defined state borders, non-interference in domestic affairs, equality of sovereignty, and permanent embassies/diplomatic immunity.

Nation

Groups of people with similar background or identity, not necessarily tied to a specific territory.

Nation-state

A group of people with similar background or identity governed by people with similarities, such as France or Japan.

Nationalism

Concern for one's country and nation, belief in its superiority, and the idea that the nation should be its own state.

Imagined community

Socially constructed community where individuals perceive themselves as part of a group, even if they may never meet most other members.

Realism

Political theory that views politics as the struggle for power.

Liberalism

Political theory that rejects power politics as inevitable and sees interstate cooperation possible through international institutions.

Idealism

Belief that international policy and domestic policy should align in conduct and rhetoric.

Marxism

View that international politics are an extension of class struggle and inequality.

Constructivism

Belief that international relations are socially and culturally shaped by social interactions, ideology, and ritualized politics.

Balance of power

Situation in which nations of the world have roughly equal power.

Hegemony/Hegemon

Country with the economic, political, and military power to set and enforce the prevailing rules of the international system.

Unipolar world order

Global order where only one state dominates economic, social, cultural, and military influence.

Bipolar world order

Global order with two competing superpowers controlling economic, military, and political relations.

Multipolar world order

Global order where multiple actors with different interests and capabilities influence global affairs.

Marshall Plan

Program to rehabilitate the economies of 17 Western and Southern European countries after World War II, supported by U.S. aid.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, with Article 5 stating 'An attack against one is an attack against all.'

Proxy war

Conflicts involving two states or within a state, where one or both parties are supported by other uninvolved parties.

Weapons of mass destruction

Weapons with immense power to cause harm and death to a large number of people.

Mutually Assured Destruction

Military doctrine that a full-scale use of nuclear weapons would result in a retaliatory strike of equal or greater destructive power, assuring mutual destruction.

Imperial System

Hegemonic power at the center of interstate relations and political actions, like the Chinese Tributary System.

Feudal System

Hierarchical relations based on vassalage duties and personal loyalty, as seen in European feudalism.

Anarchic System

Interstate relations in a multi-polar system with no dominant power or clear hierarchy, power is spread among relatively equal states or actors.

Non-Proliferation

Prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons technology to contain its potential use in military conflict.

Colonization

Political control of a territory for the purpose of economic exploitation for the benefit of colonizer

Imperialism

Extension or expansion of a nation's authority or rule over territories not currently under its control, usually by the use of military force

Metropole

Homeland, central territory, or the state exercising power over a colonial empire

Settler Colonialism

Large scale population movement where the migrants displace or marginalize an indigenous group

Encomienda

Spanish colonial system that rewarded conquerors land and the right to exploit the compulsory labor of indigenous Americans on that land