BI276 midterm 2

net reaction of reverse citric acid cycle

3CO2 + 12H + 5ATP -> C3H6O3PO3^2- + 3H2O

the net reaction of hydroxypropionate pathway

2CO2 + 4H + 3ATP → C2H2O3 + H2O

what are endospores active in?

vegetative cells

which one is the thin protein covering on outside of endospore?

exosporium

the cortex of the endospore is loosely cross-linked _________

peptidoglycan

vegetative cells are typically..

gram positive

calvin cycle to make hexose

6CO2 + 18ATP + 12NADPH + 12H+ + 12H2O → glucose + 18ADP + 18Pi + 12NADP+

what happens if carbon dioxide is fixed in high oxygen conditions?

photorespiration is triggered

which one mediates attachement to surfaces?

fimbriae

initiation of the calvin cycle is favored at ______ temperatures

low

lophotrichous flagella

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

Peritrichous flagella

spread over entire surface of cell

A high CO2:O2 ratio is required for the calvin cycle, why?

this drives efficient sugar and prevents photorespiration

what are filaments composed of?

protein flagellin

which one is this?

gram positive

which one is this?

gram negative

Rubisco function

critical enzyme responsible for carbon fixation in plants

phosphoglyceric acid PGA

bridging energy production and carbon assimilation

which enzymes drive calvin cycle?

RuBisCO and PRK

what does rubisco do in the calvin cycle?

it is a CO2 acceptor

what does PRK do in the calvin cycle

responsible for regeneration

assimilatory sulfate reduction involves the formation of _________

PAPS

first mechanism to cope with O2 environments

rapid removal of O2 by respiration

second mechanism to cope with O2 environments

conformational protection

third mechanism to cope with O2 environments

production of O2 retarding slime layers

fourth mechanisms to cope with O2 environments

heterocysts

the first stop of the pathway of nitrogen fixation

electron donor

the second step of the pathway of nitrogen fixation

dinitrogenase reductase

Cilia are thinner than flagella.

False, flagella is thinner

where does growth occur in flagella?

base

Counterclockwise movement is flagella indicates…

run - forward motion

Clockwise motion in flagella indicates what?

tumble - rotation that disrupts forward motion

what is not involved in the stator in flagellar movement?

FliG protein

What is not involved in the composition of the rotor in flagellar movement?

MotA

when are attractants present?

directed movement

the third step of the pathway of nitrogen fixation

dinitrogenase

the enzyme that does NOT make up nitrogenase enzyme complex

dinitrocarboxylase

which is used to isolate individual colonies from mixed cultures?

streak plate

which one pertains to enumerating bacteria and evenly distributing the sample?

spread plate

net reaction of Aerobic respiration

glucose + 6O2 + 38ADP + 38Pi → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP

which of the following does not affect enzyme activity?

position of substrate in active site

electron movements are

exergonic

how many electrons are consumed in nitrogen fixation?

8

which one is not a way to perform viable plate counts?

streak plating

NADH dehydrogenases

active site binds NADH, accept two electrons and two protons that are transferred to flavoproteins, regenerating NAD+

net yield of the citric acid cycle

3NADH, NADPH, GTP, FADH2

O2 is a terminal electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration

False, only NO2-, SO4 2-, and CO3 2-

NO2- is a terminal electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration

True

terminal acceptor in aerobic respiration

O2

chemolithotrophy is typically…

aerobic

chemolithotrophy

uses inorganic chemicals as electron donors

oxidation

removal of electrons from an atom or molecule

electron donor

substance that is oxidized

reduction

addition of one or more electrons to a molecule

electron acceptor

substance that is reduced

catabolism

to obtain energy

anabolism

to make cellular material

the metabolic requirements

water, carbon, free energy, and reducing power

exergonic reactions with _____, ________ free energy

-G; release

endergonic reactions with ________, ________ free energy

+G; require

catabolic pathways

exergonic cellular processes that generate free energy

Bacteriocins

proteins that inhibit or kill closely related species or different strains of the same species

Rhizobia

require plasmid-encoded functions to fix

what comes first?

replication

which one describes DNA participation in protein synthesis?

transcription

what process describes the determination of amino acids?

Translation

semiconservative replication

each of the two new daughter DNA molecules consists of one old parental strand and one newly synthesized strand

Conservative replication

the resulting daughter DNA molecules consist of one all old molecule and one all new molecule

Which replication is the most used?

semiconservative replication

replication always proceeds from ______ end to the ______ end

5’; 3’

DNA polymerase

catalyze polymerization of deoxynucleotides

DNA gyrase

replaces supercoils ahead of replisome

how is DNA synthesis initiated?

double helix must be unwound

DNA synthesis begins at the…

origin of replication

DNA synthesis is ________ in prokaryotes

Bidirectional

replisome

large replication complex of multiple proteins

replisomes are facilitated by

FtsZ

which one is required for DNA replication?

DNA polymerase

Wild-type strain

a reference strain or a strain isolated from nature

mutations that change only a ______ base pair

single

which one is the stop codon

UAG

Frameshift mutation

deletions/insertions of one to two base pairs

which one is NOT a type of reversion

third party revertant

spontaneous mutations

arise without exposure to external agents

Chemical mutagens do NOT include what?

UV exposure

non-ionizing radiation

UV exposure leads to pyrimidine dimers

which one is more powerful?

ionizing radiation

which one is used for mutagenesis

non-ionizing radiation

Direct reversal

mutated base is still recognizable and can be repaired without referring to other strand

selection

detection through the selection of an altered phenotype

first step of incorporation of new DNA

transformation

lipases

break down lipid material to fatty acid and glycerol components

E. coli uses __________ as terminal reductase

nitrate reductase

chemoorganotrophs depend on

oxidative phosphorylation

chemolithotrophs use ______ as carbon sources

CO2

chemolithotrophy are typically _________ so they also _______ electron donors for anabolic processes

autotrophs; need

which one is not obtaining reducing power?

synthesis of glycolysis

cytoplasmic hydrogenase provides reducing power directly from ___________

inorganic molecules

what is the first stage of microbial growth?

Lag

net reaction of reverse citric acid cycle

3CO2 + 12H + 5ATP -> C3H6O3PO3^2- + 3H2O