Enzymes and Metabolism

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36 Terms

1

What is metabolism in living organisms?

Metabolism is the set of biochemical reactions and energy processes that keep organisms alive.

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2

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.

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3

What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?

Energy transfers increase entropy (disorder) in a system.

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4

What is the role of mitochondria in metabolism?

Mitochondria convert energy from organic compounds into ATP but do not create energy.

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5

What does ATP stand for, and why is it important?

ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate. It is the main energy currency of the cell.

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6

What is Gibbs Free Energy (G)?

It is the energy available in a cell to do work, factoring in entropy.

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7

How does Gibbs Free Energy determine reaction spontaneity?

  • Negative ΔG: Reaction releases energy (exergonic, spontaneous).

  • Positive ΔG: Reaction absorbs energy (endergonic, not spontaneous).

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8

What is an exergonic reaction?

A reaction that releases energy and has a negative ΔG.

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9

Give an example of an exergonic reaction.

Breaking down sucrose into glucose and fructose.

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10

What is an endergonic reaction?

A reaction that absorbs energy and has a positive ΔG.

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11

Give an example of an endergonic reaction.

Forming sucrose from glucose and fructose.

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12

Can spontaneous reactions happen slowly?

Yes, even if a reaction is spontaneous, it may still take a long time without an enzyme.

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13

What is the key takeaway about metabolism and energy?

Metabolism is essential for life and follows the laws of thermodynamics.

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14

What are the two types of metabolic pathways?

Catabolic (breaks down molecules, releases energy) and Anabolic (builds molecules, requires energy).

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15

What is the primary function of enzymes in metabolism?

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

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16

What happens when ATP releases a phosphate group?

It becomes ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and releases energy.

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17

What does a cell use energy for?

Movement, active transport, and chemical reactions.

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18

What is the difference between a spontaneous and a non-spontaneous reaction?

Spontaneous releases energy (exergonic); non-spontaneous requires energy (endergonic).

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19

What is the role of cellular respiration?

Convert glucose energy into ATP for cell use.

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20

What is enzyme saturation?

When all active sites of an enzyme are occupied by substrate.

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21

Why are metabolic pathways regulated?

To avoid overproduction or depletion of materials.

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22

What happens in a coupled reaction?

An exergonic reaction provides energy for an endergonic reaction.

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23

What is the transition state in a chemical reaction?

The point where reactants are unstable and ready to be converted into products.

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24

What is the lock and key model of enzymes?

Substrate fits exactly into the enzyme's active site like a key in a lock.

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25

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

Higher temperatures can denature enzymes; low temperatures slow reactions.

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26

What happens when an enzyme is denatured?

It loses its shape and no longer functions.

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27

What is the main function of coenzymes in enzyme activity?

Assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.

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28

What type of inhibition is irreversible?

When an inhibitor forms a covalent bond with the enzyme.

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29

What is enzyme cooperativity?

When binding one substrate increases enzyme's affinity for more substrates.

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30

What is the purpose of phosphorylation in energy transfer?

Adding a phosphate group to a molecule to activate it.

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31

Why does the body break down glucose gradually instead of all at once?

To capture energy in small, usable amounts without damaging the cell.

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32

What is the purpose of NAD+ in metabolism?

It acts as an electron carrier during cellular respiration.

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33

Why are metabolic pathways irreversible?

Large energy changes make it difficult to reverse the reactions.

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34

What is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors?

Competitive Inhibitors bind to the active site, blocking the substrate.
Noncompetitive Inhibitors bind to a different site (allosteric site), changing the enzyme’s shape so the substrate can’t bind.

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35

What is allosteric inhibition?

A molecule binds to an allosteric site, changing the enzyme's shape and reducing its activity.

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36

How does enzyme activation work?

An activator binds to an allosteric site, stabilizing the enzyme in its active form, making it more efficient.

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