Human Development Midterm 2

adolescence

transition from childhood to adulthood (10-19)

striatum

motivation and reward systems more active

tanner first female puberty stage

no breast development, no pubic hair

tanner second female puberty stage

breast buds appear, sparse pubic hair

tanner third female puberty stage

breast enlargement, coarser pubic hair

tanner fourth female puberty stage

mature breast size, pubic hair extends to labia majora

tanner fifth female puberty stage

adult breast size, pubic hair extends beyond labia majora

tanner first male puberty stage

no genital development, no pubic hair

tanner second male puberty stage

enlargement of testes, sparse pubic hair

tanner third male puberty stage

further enlargement of testes, coarser pubic hair

tanner fourth male puberty stage

genital development almost complete, pubic hair extends to thighs

tanner fifth male puberty stage

genital development complete, pubic hair extends beyond thighs

first stage of development in females

hormonal activation → pituary gland releases hormones to tell ovaries to produce estrogen

second stage of development in females

breast development, tanner stage 2

third stage of development in females

growth of pubic hair by adrenal androgens

fourth stage of development in females

growth spurt

fifth stage of development in females

axillary hair and skin changes, sweat

sixth stage of development in females

voice changes

seventh stage of development in females

menarche, menstruation

eighth and final stage of development in females

body composition changes → increased fat on hips, thighs, breasts

first stage of development in males

hormonal activation → pituitary gland releases hormones to tell testes to make testosterone and sperm

second stage of development in males

testicular enlargement (max size at 15) , tanner stage 2

third stage of development in males

growth of pubic hair

fourth stage of development in males

penile growth

fifth stage of development in males

growth spurt

sixth stage of development in males

voice deepening

seventh stage of development in males

facial and axillary hair

eighth stage of development in males

body composition changes → increased muscle mass, broader shoulders, decreased fat

jean piaget’s cognitive formal operational stage

12+, abstract thought → hypothetical-deductive reasoning, planning for future, metacognition

adolescent egocentrism

teenager belief that they are the center of attention, experiences are unique (imaginary audience)

personal fable

cognitive distortion where adolescents believe they are unique and invulnerable, bad situations won’t apply to them

executive function

most important cognitive change in adolescence (managing one’s thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior, self-control)

cool executive function

psychological processes driven by logical thinking and critical analysis

hot executive function

psychological processes driven by emotion, need for emotional regulation

cognitive control

focusing attention and reducing interfering thoughts, increases in adolescence and emerging adulthood

cognitive flexibility

awareness of available options and alternatives and adapting to a situation

self regulation

ability to over-ride a impulse and control behavior, effortful control

Identity vs Role Confusion

focus on developing a clear sense of self in adolescence

Marcia’s Identity diffusion / role confusion

no exploration or identity commitments made

Marcia’s Identity foreclosure

commitment to an identity without exploration (peer / parental pressure)

Marcia’s Identity moratorium

active exploration to alternatives without commitment

Marcia’s Identity achievement

commitment after exploration (does not end with adolescence)

emerging adulthood vs young adulthood

emerging adulthood = 18-29 (transition, instability)

young adulthood = 25-40 (balance, long-term stability)

emerging adulthood peak physical performance

19-26, before 30

recommended young adult exercise

30+ minutes of aerobic exercise, 150 minutes of moderate / 75 minutes of vigorous

Jean Piaget’s Postformal thought

more complex and realistic thinking, emerges in adulthood

Dialectical thought

reasoning involving examining opposing ideas to reach a complex understanding

attachment styles

secure, avoidant, anxious

Intimacy vs isolation

19-39 (young adulthood), conflict between sharing and self absorption

Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

intimacy (emotion), passion (physical), commitment

middle adulthood

begins at 40-45 and ends at 60-65

sarcopenia

age-related loss of muscle mass and strength

metabolic syndrome

condition with hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance

chronic disorders

a slow onset and a long disorder duration, increased in middle adulthood and common in late adulthood

climacteric

midlife transition where fertility declines (peak at emerging to middle adulthood)

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

augments declining levels of reproductive hormone production by ovaries

crystallized intelligence

accumulated information and verbal skills, continues to increase in middle adulthood

fluid intelligence

ability to reason abstractly, begins to decline in middle adulthood

Seattle Longitudinal Study

largest study of adult cognitive development, middle adulthood is cognitive peak with each mental ability changing differently

Generativity vs Stagnation

40-59, concern in establishing and guiding next generation

Empty nest syndrome

feelings of unhappiness by parents due to children departure

five factors of personality

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

midlife crisis

period of self reflection and emotional turmoil (40-60)