APUSH Unit 7 Key Terms

Clayton Antitrust Act

an amendment passed by U.S. Congress in 1914 that enforced laws against price discrimination, price fixing and unfair business practices.

Federal Reserve Act

established the central bank of the United States, responsible for developing and administering monetary and credit policies for the nation.

Muckrakers

reform-minded journalists, writers, and photographers in the Progressive Era in the United States

Progressive Amendments

16th - grants Congress the authority to issue an income tax without having to determine it based on population.

17th - calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.18th

18th - declared the production, transport and sale of intoxicating liquors illegal, although it did not outlaw the actual consumption of alcohol.

19th - granted women the right to vote

Progressive Party

Third party stemming from the Taft-Roosevelt split that supported progressiveness and reform.

Bull Moose Party

formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912

Annexation of Hawaii

In 1898 the US extended its territory into the Pacific as a result of economic integration

Anti-Imperialist League

Internal group formed to fight US annexation of the Philippines and opposed to US imperialism.

Bayonet Constitution

undermines the authority of King Kalakaua, takes away Native Hawaiian land rights, and gives the vote to foreign landowners.

Panama Canal

built to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic, vice versa, caused Columbian dispute.

Platt Amendment

prohibited the Cuban Government from entering into any international treaty that would compromise Cuban independence or allow foreign powers to use the island for military purposes.

Spanish American War

a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. The war was sparked by the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor and the desire of the U.S. to expand its influence in the Caribbean and Pacific.

Teller Amendment

The act of Congress in 1898 that stated that when the United States had rid Cuba of Spanish misrule, Cuba would be granted its freedom.

USS Maine

US battle ship that had an internal explosion caused by a fire in the coal bunker, provided an excuse for the to enter war with Spain.

Yellow Journalism

journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Allied Powers

Coalition of nations that opposed the Central powers in WW1 (US, Russia, France, Great Britain)

Central Powers

The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in WW1, opposed to the Allied Powers.

Submarine Warfare

a major part of the German naval effort against the allies in WW1

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915, killing 128 Americans which motivated America to enter WW1.

Zimmermann Telegram

an intercepted coded message sent to Mexico, proposing a military alliance against the United States.

Russian Revolution

Overthrow of Russia’s Provisional Government, taking Russia out of WW1 and leading to the adoption of a communist government.

National War Labor Board

a composition of representatives from business and labor designed to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers

Government Bonds

war bonds sold in the US to support allies’ effort in WW1.

Selective Service Act

1917 law provided for registration of all American men 21-30 years old in a military draft.

Espionage Act

made it a crime to obstruct military recruitment, to encourage mutiny, or to aid the enemy by spreading lies in WW1.

Sedition Act

amendment to the Espionage Act, made it a crime for American citizens to publish anything bad about the government.

Wilson’s 14 Points

1. Open diplomacy without secret treaties
2. Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace
3. Equal trade conditions
4. Decrease armaments among all nations
5. Adjust colonial claims
6. Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence
7. Belgium to be evacuated and restored
8. Return of Alsace-Lorraine region and all French territories
9. Readjust Italian borders
10. Austria-Hungary to be provided an opportunity for self-determination
11. Redraw the borders of the Balkan region creating Romania, Serbia and Montenegro
12. Creation of a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade in the Dardanelles
13. Creation of an independent Polish state
14. Creation of the League of Nations

Palmer Raids

attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States

Teapot Dome Scandal

a bribery incident which took place in the United States in 1922-1923, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding.

Assembly Line

Henry Ford’s invention of breaking down the production process into smaller, specialized tasks that were performed by individual workers

Automobile

industry that used the assembly line, stimulating growth with manufacturing and oil consumption.

Consumerism

A social and economic order that encourages the purchase of goods and services in ever greater amounts.

Jazz

Music brought North by Southern African Americans, influenced by both European harmony and African rhythms

Harlem Renaissance

outburst of creative activity among African-Americans in all fields of art in the 1920s

Scopes Trial

a highly publicized trial where John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school.

Modernism

A new way of thinking and expression in the early 20th century as a result of new scientific discoveries and WWI.

Fundamentalism

a religious movement whose objectives were to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy where every word of the bible is interpreted literally.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

an agreement between 15 nations outlawing war

Dawes Plan

Plan to revive the German economy with the US loaning Germany money so they can pay reparations to England and France who can pay their loans from the US.

Black Tuesday

worst day of plunging stock market prices during the stock market crash that initiated the Great Depression

Buying on Margin

Buying stocks and borrowing money from a bank or broker; if the money way not paid back, the bank would foreclose on possessions; everyday people could buy stock; led to stock market crash because of over extension.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Tariff enacted in 1930, taxing imported good which hindered global trade and worsened the Great Depression.

Dust Bowl

the term given to the Great Plain where a severe drough hit, killing all of the crops of the region

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd president of the US, elected to four terms in office 1933-1945.

New Deal

a series of federal programs and projects enacted by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s with the goal of recovering from the Great Depression

Fireside chats

President FDR’s radio that talked about the public’s concerns, relaxing and comforting their worries.

Hundred Days Congress

FDR’s first term where he had managed to get Congress to pass an unprecedented amount of new legislation for the New Deal

Public Works Administration

Established in the first wave of the New deal, built large-scale public works, provided employment, increased purchasing power, hoped to revive the economy.

Civilian Conservation Corps

Part of first wave of the New Deal, established to relieve unemployment by providing national conservation work for young men.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Part of early wave of the New Deal, allowed for federal planning and building of dams along the Tennessee River, providing hydroelectric power and water management.

National Recovery Administration 

New Deal administration, attempted to achieve economic advance through planning and cooperation among labor, business and government with codes and regulations.

Social Security Act

public pension system set up for the elderly and people with disabilities, people unable to work.

Xenophobia

General fear/dislike of foreigners, response to rapid immigration rates.

Isolationism

the traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interst to its own borders

Reparations

Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war, as a part of the Treaty of Versailles.

Treaty of Versailles 

the peace settlement signed after World War One had ended in 1918 and in the shadow of the Russian Revolution and other events in Russia.

League of Nations

Proposed by President Wilson, the first intergovernmental organization to promote international peace and security, however was not successful.

Fascism

A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator.

Axis Power

WW2 alliance between Italy, Germany, and Japan who found against the Allies.

Rhineland

The region between Germany and France that Hitler occupied and re-militarized.

Blitzkrieg

Surprise air strike supported warfare used by Germany in WW2 that helped conquer Poland.

Cash and Carry

if a country at war wanted to purchase non-militaristic goods from the U.S., it had to pick them up in its own ships and pay for them in cash

Destroyers for bases

an agreement between the U.S. and the UK on September 2nd, 1940. This deal transferred fifty mothballed destroyers from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British possessions.

Lend Lease Act

allowed the British (and later, the Chinese and the Soviet Union) to borrow money and material from the United States in order to continue fighting against the Axis powers.

Pearl Harbor

Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941, bringing the US into WW2.

Manhattan Project

was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II

D-Day

the day that the combined Allied armies led a massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France. The assault involved millions of troops and workers and led to the liberation of France, and the ultimate end to the war.

Holocaust

the systematic, state-sponsored genocide carried out by Nazi Germany and its collaborators from 1941 to 1945, during which six million Jews were murdered.

Island Hopping Campaign

a military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. This strategy was employed by the United States to gain military bases and secure the many small islands in the Pacific.

War Productions Board

an agency of the United States government that supervised war production during World War II

Battle of Midway

battle that raged for four days near the small American outpost at Midway Island, at the end of which the US, despite great losses, was clearly victorious.

Atomic Bomb

A powerful bomb used by the American government to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Hiroshima

Japanese city that was bombed with the first atomic bomb leading to over 100,000 civilians killed.

Nagasaki

The second Japanese city bombed with an atomic bomb by the US.

The Big Three

Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, who met to coordinate attacks on Germany and Japan and discuss the end of the war.

Yalta Conference

A meeting in Yalta of President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Joseph Stalin in February in 1945, in which the leaders discussed the treatment of Germany, the status of Poland, the creation of the United Nations and Russian entry into the war against Japan.

Tehran Conference

A war time conference held at Tehran, Iran that was attended by FDR, Churchill, and Stalin. It was the first meeting of the "Big Three" and it agreed on an opening of a second front (Overlord), and that the Soviet Union should enter the war against Japan after the end of the war in Europe.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdam, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

United Nations

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security.