S+C Chapter 8 - Sport Psychology

Outcome goal

focuses on result

Performance goal

focuses on self-referenced performance

Process goal

goals over whose achievement the athlete has control

Intrinsic motivation

motivation from personal satisfaction/enjoyment

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation from outside: reward/punishment

Self- Efficacy

belief in ability to succeed at a task

State anxiety

temporary, situational

trait anxiety

long-term personality tendency

Inverted-U hypothesis

moderate arousal = optimal performance

Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)

Systematic tensing and relaxing muscles, athlete Learns to become aware of somatic tension and control it

Imagery

mentally rehearsing performance

Self-talk

positive or instructional statements to improve focus

Autonomy

giving athletes control increases motivation

Broad-external attention

focuses on multiple external cues

Narrow-External attention

focuses on one specific external cue

Broad-internal attention

plan multiple internal factors at once

narrow-internal attention

focuses on a single internal thought or sensation

Zone of optimal functioning (ZOF)

each athlete has their own unique optimal arousal leve

Choking under pressure

performance decrements under high anxiety, shift from automatic to conscious control

Cognitive anxiety

mental worry

Somatic anxiety

Physiological symptoms

Selective attention

ability to focus on relevant cues during performance

Positive reinforcement

add stimulus to increase behavior

Negative reinforcement

remove stimulus to increase behavior

Negative punishment

remove stimulus to decrease behavior

Positive Punishment

add stimulus to decrease behavior

Augmented feed back

comes from an external source like a coach, video or device

Hulls drive theory

as an athletes arousal or state anxiety increases so does performance. SKILL LEVEL AND TASK COMPLEXITY

What are the 5 primary methods of incorporating a practice structure and schedule into an athletes program?

whole, part, random, variable, observational

Reversal Theory

the interpretation of arousal and anxiety on performance depends on how they are interpreted

Achievement motivation

athletes wish to engage in completion or social comparison

Motive to achieve success

experience pride in ones accomplishments, characterized by a desire to challenge oneself

motive to avoid failure

desire to protect ones ego and self esteem, more about avoiding the perception of shame than about avoiding failure

routine

adoption of a ritual or mental checklist

Diaphragmatic breathing

focuses thoughts on breathing and clears the mind which increases concentration

Autogenic training

PMR cycle for each muscle group is replaced with a mind state that focuses on sense of warmth and heaviness for a specific limb or muscle group

Systematic desensitization 

combination of mental and physical techniques that allow the athlete to replace fear response with a relaxation response 

When should an athlete use arousal reduction techniques?

when performing a new or complex skill

When should an athlete employ an arousal enhancement technique?

when performing simple or well learned skills

short term goals

increase the likelihood of success because they are close to the athletes current ability level

Long term goal

provides relevance to short term goals

Whole practice

addresses a skill in its entirety

Part practice

separates a skill into subcomponents

Random practice

has an athlete perform multiple skills in random order during a practice session

Variable practice

includes variation of the same skill within a single practice session

Observational learning

has an athlete watch prerecorded videos or live demonstrations

Explicit Instructions

include prescriptive information that instructs the athlete about the rules to execute a task

guided discovery

provides the athlete with instructions about the movement goal and important prompts but without explicitly telling the athlete how to complete it

Discovery

instructs the athlete on the goal of the task without any direction

intrinsic feedback

feedback provided by athletes from their senses such as missing a box during a box jump

Knowledge of results

form of augmented feedback that provides the athlete with information about the execution of a goal

knowledge of performance

form of augmented feedback that provides the athlete with information about their movement pattern

What is arousal?

a blend of physiological and psychological activation that varies in intensity from deep sleep to intense excitement

What is anxiety?

a subcomponent of arousal characterized by apprehension, fear and tension

Catastrophe Theory

when cognitive anxiety is high, increases in physiological arousal can cause a sudden, dramatic drop in performance

What is motivational specific imagery?

imagery focused on specific goals, such as winning or achieving standards

What is motivational general imagery?

imagery related to arousal and relaxation, or team confidence and cohesion

What is cognitive specific imagery?

imagining the correct execution of a specific skill or technique

What is cognitive general imagery?

imagery of strategies, game plans, and routines, not individual movements

3 components of goal setting

realistic but challenging, measurable and specific, time bound

Association in endurance training

focus on internal cues like breathing/pain

Dissociation in endurance training

focuses on external cues to distract from effort

What is habitual attentional focus?

athletes default attentional style which can help or hinder performance