CLEP: psych module 1

psyche

greek word for mind, spirit, soul

-ology

“study of”

psychology

scientific study of human behavior and mental processes

structuralism

consciousness made up of different elements that were combined in different ways to produce perceptions; like hydrogen and oxygen

structuralism

wilhelm wundt

wilhelm wundt

1879 first psychology lab in leipzig, germany

introspection

a method of looking inward to understand what is involved in reporting your own conscious thoughts and feelings

structuralism

introspection utilized to study

functionalism

william james

functionalism

more interested in the processes of the human condition

biological approach

physiological and biochemical explanation of behavior

biological approach

behavior as a result of genes, nervous system, hormones, neurotransmitters, and other biological functions

behavioral approach

learned responses to predictable patterns of external stimuli

behavioral appraoch

pavlov’s classical conditioning

behavioral approach

skinner’s operant conditioning

psychodynamic approach

sigmund freud

psychodynamic approach

unmet needs/unresolved conflicts from childhood determine personality

psychodynamic approach

behavior as a result of unconscious attachment and interpersonal connection

sigmund freud

id, ego, superego

superego

morals and values

id

pleasure principle

ego

great moderator; reality principle

defense mechanisms

repression, suppresion, reaction formation, sublimation

sigmund freud

sexual and aggressive urges drive behavior, thoughts, and feelings

cognitive approach

developed in reaction to behaviorism

cognitive approach

behavior as a result of expectations, feelings, thoughts

cognitive approach

study problem solving, attention, memory, and other thought processes

humanistic approach

developed in reaction to behaviorist and psychodynamic models

humanistic approach

people are motivated by desire for growth and development

humanistic approach

abraham maslow’s hierarchy of needs

abraham maslow’s hierarchy of needs

self-actualization

carl rogers

believed people are basically good

carl rogers

unconditional positive regard

humanistic approach

carl rogers

experimental research method

cause and effect relationship between two variables

independent variable

“cause”

dependent variable

“effect”

independent variable

that thing you test or change

dependent variable

the thing that you measure in response to what you changed

experimental group

exposed to the “cause”

control group

receives no treatment or some treatment that should have no effect

random assignment

varied to avoid biases in how we select who goes into each group

double blind study

neither patient nor researcher know which experimental group is which

placebo

sugar pill

placebo effect

response to treatment in absence of real treatment

clinical research methods

case studies, naturalistic observation, clinical interviews

case studies

freud used this method to develop psychoanalytic theory

naturalistic observation

agreement among observers

clinical interviews

inter-rater reliability

correlational research method

how two variables relate to one another

correlational research method

no manipulation of variables

correlational research method

does not measure cause and effect

positive correlation

move in same direction on graph

correlation coefficient

-1.0 – 0 – +1.0

negative correlation

as one variable increases, the other decreases

self-reporting surveys

subject to bias that subject may not honestly report