hand quiz thursday renaissance

humanism

an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics

humanities

study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome

vernacular

everyday language of ordinary people

florence

a city in the Tuscany region of northern Italy that was the center of the Italian Renaissance

perspective

artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimensional effect

leonardo da Vinci

_____ (1452–1519) was an Italian artist considered the ideal Renaissance man due to his varied talents. His interests included botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering. His sketches for flying machines and undersea boats resembled the later inventions of airplanes and submarines. _____ paintings, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, remain famous today.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

____ (1475–1564) was an Italian painter also known for his sculpture, engineering, architecture, and poems. His famous marble statue, David, shows the influence of ancient Greek traditions on Renaissance artists. _____ painted biblically themed ceiling murals for the Sistine Chapel in Rome. As an architect, he designed the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome, later a model for the U.S. Capitol in Washington D.C.

Raphael

____ (1483–1520) was a Renaissance painter who blended Christian and classical styles. His famous paintings include one of the Madonna, the mother of Jesus, and School of Athens, showing an imaginary gathering of great thinkers, scientists, and artists including Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself.

Machiavelli

___ (1469–1527) was born in Florence. He was a Renaissance political philosopher, statesman, and writer. His most famous work was a guide for rulers on how to gain and keep power. The Prince was realistic about political power. ____ argued that the end justified the means in politics. The term “Machiavellian” is still used today to describe deceitful politics.

flanders

region that included parts of present-day northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands; was an important industrial and financial center of northern Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance

engraving

- art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints

utopian

idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society

martin luther

____ (1483–1546) was a German monk and theologian who was the catalyst of the Protestant Reformation. Trained to become a lawyer, he changed his path, joined a strict order of Roman Catholic monks, and studied theology. Seeking to reform abuses within the Church, Luther challenged Church teachings with his 95 Theses. This led to his excommunication and the development of Lutheranism, the first of several Protestant sects.

theocracy

government ran by religious leaders

Mary Tudor

(1516–1558) was the first queen to rule England in her own right. The daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, ____ was a staunch Catholic who failed to turn back the tide of the Protestant Reformation in England. Her vigorous persecution of Protestants earned her the nickname “Bloody Mary.”

canonize

recognize a person as a saint

compromise

an agreement in which each side makes concessions; an acceptable middle ground

Elizabeth Tudor

(1533–1603) became Queen Elizabeth I of England upon the death of Queen Mary. Shifting politics made her early years quite hazardous. ___ used her experiences to become a shrewd and powerful monarch. Under her reign, England became an important European power. England prospered both economically, and culturally. Her balanced handling of the English religious conflicts earned her the nickname Good Queen Bess.

council of trent

a group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church

ghetto

separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live

(think of kensington in philly 😉)

heliocentric

- based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe

scientific method

careful, step-by-step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis

René Descartes

___ (1596–1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. ___ was one of the first to abandon traditional methods of thought based on Aristotle’s teachings. Instead, he promoted a new science based on observation and experiments. For this, he has been called the father of modern philosophy.

calculus

a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations, developed by Isaac Newton

gravity

force that pulls objects in Earth’s sphere to the center of Earth