BIOL 318 - Exam 4

The urinary system does more than just making urine; it also __.

regulates internal balance, including blood pressure and electrolyte levels.

The kidneys filter blood to remove __.

wastes.

The __ is the functional unit of the kidney.

nephron.

Each kidney has about __ nephrons.

1.2 million.

The renal corpuscle consists of the __ and Bowman’s capsule.

glomerulus.

The __ controls blood volume and blood pressure.

kidneys.

The main portion of the kidney that filters the blood is made up of around __.

1.2 million nephrons.

The sequence of nephron structures is: Glomerulus, __, Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT), Collecting Duct.

Bowman’s Capsule.

The kidneys help maintain __ balance by controlling Na+, K+, Ca2+, etc.

electrolyte.

The collecting duct is responsible for the __ of urine concentration.

final adjustment.

The final urine moves from the renal pyramid to the __.

ureter.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates __ and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

blood pressure.

The macula densa cells in the DCT detect __ concentration.

Na+.

When blood pressure drops, __ is released.

renin.

The angrylopeptide, ADH, and aldosterone all affect __ reabsorption in the nephrons.

water.

__ is needed to transform angiotensin I into angiotensin II.

ACE.

The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is __ to water.

permeable.

Drugs are excreted quickly in the __.

PCT.

The renal clearance formula indicates how __ a substance is removed from blood.

efficiently.

Glucose will appear in urine when transport proteins are __.

saturated.

Blood leaving the kidneys is processed for __ regulation.

pH.

Kidneys respond to changes in blood pressure through __ mechanisms.

regulatory.

Key nursing cells in the kidneys are called __ cells.

Sertoli.

The DCT allows for fine control of __ and bicarbonate balance.

ion.

The loop of Henle creates a concentration __ in the medulla.

gradient.

Urine appearance can indicate hydration; normal color ranges from yellow to __.

colorless.

prevents multiple sperm from fertilizing an egg.

Fast and slow block.

Menstrual cycles have a __ phase where estrogen promotes the rebuilding of the endometrium.

proliferative.

Testosterone promotes __ in males.

sperm production.

Prostate gland secretion is crucial for sperm __.

activation.

High levels of estrogen during pregnancy stimulate the growth of __ and the uterus.

the placenta.

Renin release is triggered by low renal __ pressure.

blood.

The __ of the Urethra is around 3-4 cm for females but approximately 18 cm for males.

length.

The __ hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.

aldosterone.

Filtration occurs in the __ of the nephron.

glomerulus.

__ acts on the kidneys to retain water during dehydration.

ADH.

Urine can be as concentrated as __ mOsm/L.

1200.

The macula densa cells are sensitive to changes in __ concentration.

sodium.

occurs in the renal tubule after blood is filtered in the nephron.

Reabsorption.