Improvemnet in food resources

Irrigation

Irrigation

The process of supplying water to crop plants

advantages of irrigation (7)

1-freshwater supplies (hydrogen and oxygen)
2-increases aerial branches (tillers)
3-germination
4-water dissolves nutrients
5-water supply all year
6-reduces salinity
7-increases growth and elongation

crop based irrigation

dependent on crop

soil based irrigation

dependent on nature of soil

water augmentation

rain water harvesting
water shed management

mixed cropping

planting a variety of crops in the same field

crop combination for mixed cropping (2)

1. wheat & mustard
2. wheat & chick pea

criteria for mixed cropping (2)

1. crops are grown together to make sure the waste material of one crop benefits the other
2. one crop is of:
a. long and short duration
b. tall and short growing
c. deep and shallow rooted
d. requires lesser water or nutrients

advantages of mixed cropping (5)

1. risk of total crop failure reduced
2. variety of produce to meet requirements
3. yield is increased
4. fertility is increased
5. pest infestation is reduced

Intercropping

Growing two or more different crops at the same time on the same land in different rows

advantages of intercropping

1. makes better use of natural resources
2. erosion is stopped
3. since both crops aren't mixed you can add fertilizer acc. to the plant
4. maturity is diff. so they can be harvested separately
5. produce of each crop can be marketed and consumed separately

crop rotation

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

advantages of crop rotation

1. controls pests and weeds
2. reduces need of fertilizers
3. several crops can be grown in succession
4. by alternating between deep and long roots soil can be properly utilized

weeds

undesirable plants that often crowd out crop plants

types weeds

1. narrow leaf weeds (monocot weeds)
2. broad leaf weeds (dicot weeds)

narrow leaf rabi weeds

Phalaris, wild oat

narrow leaf kharif weeds

cyperus rotundus, wild sorghum

broad leaf rabi weeds

chaenopodium album, parthenium hysterophorus

broad leaf kharif weeds

amaranthus viridus, trianth

methods of removing crops (4)

1. mechanical methods - uprooting weeding
2. cultural methods - crop rotation etc
3. chemical methods - pesticides
4. biological control - using insects

affects of weeds

1. spread diseases as they're hosts for insects
2. produce toxic substances
3. downgrades quality of crop

animal husbandry

raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.

scientific name of cow and buffalo

cow- bos indicus
buffalo- bubalus bubalis

breeds of cows

1. draught breed
2. dairy breed (milch animal)
3. dual purpose

indigenous breeds of cows

red sindhi (andhra pradesh)
sahiwal (punjab haryana)
gir (gujrat, rajesthan)

indigenous breeds of buffalos

murrah
mehsana
surti

indigenous poultry

aseel
chittagong

exotic poultry

white leghorn
rhode island red

(by fish) types of fisheries

fin fisheries- bony fishes
shell fisheries- crabs, prawns, oysters, mussels

aquaculture

the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food.

two ways to obtain fish

capture fishery , culture fishery

types of fishery

marine fishery- oceans seas
fresh water fishery- rivers, canals, lakes
brackish fishery-slightly salty water lagoons, mangrove swamps

inland fisheries

freshwater and brackish

mariculture

marine fishes in coastal india including sardines, pearls & eel

freshwater culture fishery

kashmir and other states for exotic carp

what do we obtain from bees

honey, bee wax, propolis and balms(repairing comb), poison

examples of bees

apis cerana indica (indian bee)
apis mellifera (european bee)\-gentle,goodhoney

castes of bees

queen(lays eggs)
drone(mate with queen and die, leave the hive to save honey)
worker(active members)

worker bees

- scavenger bees
- nurse bees
- foraging or field bees

diseases of poultry

dermitis, fowl pox, fowl cholera, aspergillosis

diseases of domestic animals that pass to humans

rabies, cow pox, tuberculosis,

layers

egg laying birds require space and adequate lightening and calculated vitamin requirements

broilers

maintained for getting weights grow fast and low mortality required much protein

exotic breeds of cows

jersey, holstein- friesian, brown swiss

insect pest controls

chewing insects- locusts, grasshoppers
sucking insects- aphids, leaf hoppers
internal feeders- sugarcane borers, grain weevil

internal feeders

borers when they live in twigs or roots
weevils when they attack the fruits or seeds

methods of weed control

mechanical methods, cultural methods, chemical method, biological control

chemical method

2,4-D ; atrazine

long day plants

plants that require long days

short day plants

plants that require less sunlight and often flower at night

What do all living organisms require for their existence?

Food.

What did early human beings do to meet their food requirements?

Hunted animals and collected fruits, flowers, and roots of forest plants.

What are the purposes of food for living organisms?

For growth, development, body repair, protection from diseases, and energy for life functions.

What metabolic activity do green plants perform to make their own food?

Photosynthesis.

What do green plants combine to produce carbohydrates in photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

What is the term for living organisms that make their own food?

Autotrophs.

What is the term for living organisms that depend on plants and other animals for food?

Heterotrophs.

What are the 'revolutions' that helped India become self-reliant in food production?

Green Revolution, Blue Revolution, White Revolution, Yellow Revolution, and Golden Revolution.

What is sustainable agriculture?

Adoption of various farming and production management techniques to maximize agricultural yield while conserving natural resources and maintaining environmental balance.

What are some practices of sustainable agriculture?

Mixed farming, crop rotation, intercropping, and integrated farming.

What is organic farming?

The practice of raising crops without the use of manures, biofertilizers, and biopesticides, but instead using healthy cropping systems to provide nutrients to plants and control pests and weeds.

Why is sustainable agriculture important?

To maximize agricultural yield, conserve natural resources, maintain environmental balance, and cope with changing human needs.

What are the advantages of sustainable agriculture?

Achieves the integration of natural biological cycles and controls, protects and renews soil fertility and the natural resource base, optimizes the management and use of farm resources, reduces the use of non-renewable resources and purchased production inputs, provides an adequate and dependable form of income, and promotes opportunity in family farming and farm communities.

What is the practice of raising crops without the use of manures, biofertilizers, and biopesticides?

Organic farming.

What are healthy cropping systems that provide optimum nutrients to plants and keep pests and weeds under control?

Biofertilizers and biopesticides.

What is the process of harnessing solar energy from plants and animals in the form of economic produce?

Farming.

What does conservation mean in the context of sustainable agriculture?

Careful utilization, preservation, or restoration of the natural environment and resources.

What is integrated agriculture?

A combination of agriculture with other forms of culture such as pisciculture (fish culture), aquaculture, apiculture (bee-keeping), sericulture (silk worm culture), poultry farming, piggery, and livestock production (animal husbandry).

Why is sustainable agriculture necessary for the livelihood of Indian farmers and related persons?

To assure sustained livelihood of Indian farmers and related persons, it is necessary to adopt sustainable agricultural practices such as mixed farming, crop rotation, intercropping, and integrated farming (also known as integrated agriculture).

What problems have been caused by the overexploitation of natural resources for food, shelter, and urbanization?

Soil erosion, salinization of soils, desertification, silting of rivers, floods, droughts, eutrophication, ozone depletion, deforestation, wildlife extinction, pollution of air, water, and land, and biomagnification of toxic substances.

What concept has been developed in recent years to ensure that agro-ecosystems are stabilized and sustained crop yields are assured on a long-term basis?

Sustainable agriculture.

What does sustainable agriculture refer to?

Agriculture where the agro-ecosystems function on a self-sustaining basis of nutrient supply and crop protection in order to stabilize the crop yields.

What practices are involved in sustainable agriculture?

Organic farming, biological and natural control of pests, emphasis on watershed approach to conserve the soil and water, buildup of microflora in close harmony with beneficial soil-inhabitants, and complete desisting the use of synthetic chemicals.

What does organic farming involve?

The practice of raising crops which have not been polluted with the use of manures, biofertilizers, and biopesticides. Instead, healthy cropping systems that provide optimum nutrients to plants and keep pests as well as weeds under control are used.

What are the components of organic waste recycled in organic farming?

Organic wastes are recycled in the form of manure.

What are biofertilizers and give examples?

Biofertilizers include nitrogen-fixing organisms (bacteria and blue-green algae) and mineral-solubilizing bacteria. Examples: bacteria and blue-green algae.

What are biopesticides and provide examples?

Organisms or their extracts which repel or kill weeds, insects and other pests. Examples: azardirachtin (Morgosa or Neem), pyrethrum (chrysanthemum), thurioside (bacterium Bacillus thurigiensis).

What advantages does organic farming offer?

1. Prevention of pollution of any component of the environment. 2. Recycling of farm wastes. 3. Production of foods free from pesticides and toxic chemicals. 4. Maintenance of soil health. 5. Keeping insect pests and weeds under check.

What is the study of the production of field crops and soil management called?

Agronomy.

What does the branch of agriculture known as horticulture involve?

It deals with the growth and management of fruit and flowering plants in orchards and gardens.

What does olericulture refer to?

The growing and managing of vegetables.

What is aquaculture?

The farming and harvesting of plants and animals in bodies of water for economic purposes.

What does an agronomist study?

Crop disease, selective breeding, crop rotation, climatic factors, soil testing, causes of soil erosion, and designs for land reclamation and irrigation schemes.

What are the types of crops cultivated for eating purposes?

Seeds, fruits, and vegetables.

What is the importance of mixed cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation in healthy cropping?

They help in controlling insects, pests, and weeds.

What are the advantages of organic farming?

Prevents pollution of any component of the environment, recycles farm wastes, produces foods free from pesticides and toxic chemicals, maintains soil health, and keeps insect pests and weeds under check.

What is the branch of agriculture that deals with the growth and management of fruit and flowering plants in orchards and gardens?

Horticulture.

What is the growing and managing of vegetables referred to as?

Olericulture.

What is the farming and harvesting of plants and animals in bodies of water for economic purposes?

Aquaculture.

What does an agronomist primarily study?

Crop disease, selective breeding, crop rotation, climatic factors, soil testing, causes of soil erosion, and designs for land reclamation and irrigation schemes.

What are the different types of crops cultivated for eating purposes?

Seeds, fruits, and vegetables.

What are the edible parts of plants that are eaten as food?

Seeds, fruits, and vegetables.

What are the types of vegetables that are commonly eaten?

Roots, stems, leafy vegetables, inflorescence vegetables, and fruit vegetables.

What are the different categories of crops cultivated for eating purposes?

Seeds, fruits, vegetables, spices, fodder crops, and other crops.

What are the different parts of plants that are used as spices?

Leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, and seeds.

What is photosynthesis?

The process of manufacturing food by green plants.

What are photoperiods and how do they influence plants?

Duration of sunlight that influences plants in their growth, flowering, formation of storage organs, leaf fall, etc.

What are the two main seasons of crop growth in India?

Kharif and Rabi.

What are the chief Kharif crops in India?

Paddy (rice), maize, millet, groundnut, soybean, arhar, black gram (urad), green gram (moong), cotton, and jute.

What are the chief Rabi crops in India?

Wheat, barley, gram, mustard, pea, and linseeds.