Disease Prevention - Chapter 3 & 4

Neoplasm

a new growth

Leukemia

malignant disease of the bone marrow

Hematoma

large tumos of swelling filled w/ blood

Carcinomas

Spread through lymphatic systems

Sarcomas

• Typical use of the bloodstream through shedding neoplastic cells

• Widespread distribution to liver, lungs, and brain

Cavity invasion

Neoplastic cells seed and implant freely

Hyperplasia vs. Neoplasia

• Hyper = too much Plasia = growth

• Neo = new Plasia = growth

Carcinogenesis

Cancer Development

What are carcinogens and how do they relate to neoplasms?

Carcinogens are cancer-causing substances (e.g., tobacco, asbestos) that can trigger abnormal cell growth leading to neoplasms.

How can hormones contribute to the development of neoplasms?

Some hormones (like estrogen) stimulate cell growth and may promote cancers such as breast or prostate cancer.

How can hormones contribute to the development of neoplasms?

Some hormones (like estrogen) stimulate cell growth and may promote cancers such as breast or prostate cancer.

How does radiation increase the risk of neoplasms?

Radiation (e.g., UV rays, x-rays) damages DNA, which can lead to mutations and cancer.

Which viruses are linked to cancer formation?

HPV (cervical cancer), Hepatitis B/C (liver cancer), Epstein-Barr virus (lymphomas).

How do genes play a role in neoplasm development?

inherited mutations (like BRCA1/2) increase cancer risk by disrupting normal cell regulation.

What are some personal risk factors for developing neoplasms?

Smoking, alcohol use, poor diet, obesity, lack of exercise, and environmental exposures

How do carcinomas typically spread?

Through the lymphatic system.

How do sarcomas typically spread?

Through the bloodstream, by shedding neoplastic cells.

What is the acronym used to remember the warning signs of cancer?

C.A.U.T.I.O.N

C.A.U.T.I.O.N - What is C?

change in bowel or bladder
habits

C.A.U.T.I.O.N - What is A?

A sore that does not heal

C.A.U.T.I.O.N - What is U?

Unusual bleeding or discharge

C.A.U.T.I.O.N - What is T?

Thickening or lump in breast or else where

C.A.U.T.I.O.N - What is I?

Indigestion or difficulty swallowing

C.A.U.T.I.O.N - What is O?

Obvious change in a wart or mole

C.A.U.T.I.O.N - What is N?

Nagging cough or hoarseness

What are the three lines of defense that protect the body against foreign invasion

• Physical or Surface barriers - nonspecific

• Inflammation - nonspecific

• Immune response - specific

Give examples of physical or surface barriers.

Skin, mucous membranes, secretions (tears, saliva, stomach acid)

Is inflammation specific or nonspecific?

Nonspecific – same response regardless of the invader.

What is the immune response’s main feature?

It is specific, targets a particular invader, and has “memory.”

What are the two main components of inflammation?

Cellular response (WBCs attack invader) and vascular response (increased blood flow and vessel permeability).

What are the 5 classic signs of inflammation?

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

What are the main purposes of inflammation?

Repel and destroy invaders, clean up debris, and promote healing.

Why does inflammation require a blood supply?

To deliver oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells to the site.

Why can inflammation be harmful?

f it is too intense or chronic, it can damage healthy tissue (e.g., autoimmune diseases, allergies, chronic inflammation).

Explain acute vs. Chronic inflammation

Acute lasts less than 10 days whereas Chronic lasts 2 weeks or more

What triggers the inflammatory process?

Trauma or injury to tissue.

Which cells release histamine during inflammation?

Mast cells.

What are the two main effects of histamine release?

Hyperemia (increased blood flow) and increased vascular permeability (leakiness).

What does hyperemia cause?

Redness, heat, and increased leukocytes at the site.

What does vascular permeability lead to?

Exudate (fluid escaping vessels).

What does exudate cause?

Swelling/edema.

What does edema result in?

Pain and loss of function (due to pressure on nerves)

What is neutrophil diapedesis?

Movement of neutrophils through vessel walls into the injured tissue

What is chemotaxis?

Chemical signals that attract neutrophils and other wbc to the site of injury

What do neutrophils do once they arrive?

Phagocytosis (engulf and destroy pathogens/debris)

What is pus made up of

Dead neutrophils, bacteria, and tissue debris

Which cells arrive after neutrophils to continue cleanup?

Monocytes that mature into macrophages.

What cells are involved in the long term, specific immune response?

Lymphocytes

Name the order for the inflammatory process

1. Trauma

2. Mast cells

3. Hyperemia

4. Vascular Permeability

5. Exudate

6. Neutrophil Diapedesis

7. Phagocytes

8. Monocytes and Lymphocytes