CYTO LEC 1

Genetics

The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

Cytogenetics

a branch of genetics that is concerned with the study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes.

Genes

Set of characteristics inherited from parents found on chromosomes and contain DNA

Heredity

The transfer of character or traits from the parents to offspring

Variations

The similarities and differences between the character or traits among the individuals of the same species

Mutations

any heritable change in the DNA sequence and are the source of all genetic variation

Alleles

alternative forms of a gene

Phenotype

observable features of an organism

Genotype

set of alleles for a given trait carried by an organism

Mitosis

Chromosomes are copied and distributed to that each daughter cell receives a diploid set of chromosomes identical to those in the parental cell.

Meiosis

Cells produced receives only one chromosome from each chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosomes is called the haploid number.

Robert Hooke

He saw "row of empty boxes" and coined the term "cell"

Theodor Schawnn & Matthias Schleiden

"All living things are made of cells"

Rudolf Virchow

"All cells comes from cells"

Cell

Smallest living unit. Basic functional units of complex organisms

Plasmalemma

Selective permeable barrier between cytoplasm and external mileu

Cell Membrane

A phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins

Glycocalyx

Composed of Carbohydrate chain that coats the cell surface

Membrane Transport Proteins

Facilitate movement of aqueous molecules and ions across the plasmalemme/ plasma membrane

Ribosomes

Small particles, composed of protein and ribosomal RNA

Ribosome P-site

For binding of peptidyl tRNA

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Anastomosing tubules and occasional flattened membrane-bound vesicles

Ribosome E-site

Site for exit of amino acids

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Largest membranous system of the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of continuous sacs studded with ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Synthesis of carbohydrates and in the modifications and sorting of proteins manufactured in the RER

Lysosomes

Round polymorphous shape. Possess proton pumps that actively transport H+ ions. Contains hydrolytic enzymes. Aid in digesting macromolecules, phagocytose, microorganisms, cell debris and senescent organelles.

Peroxisomes

Microbodies or small spherical to ovoid membrane bound organelles

Mitochondria

Possess their own DNA and perform oxidative phosphorylation and lipid synthesis

Thin Filaments

Actin filaments that interact with myosin

Intermediate Filaments

Establishment and maintenance of the three dimensional framework of the cell

Microtubules

Long straight rigid tubular appearing structure that act as intracellular pathways

Nucleus

Largest organelles of the cell. Contains nearly DNA or RNA

Chromatin

Genetic Material

Nucleolus

The center for rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal units

Nucleoplasm

Containing macromolecules and nuclear particles for the maintenance of cell

Nuclear Envelope

Surrounds by two parallel unit of membranes separated by a narrow perinuclear space

Inner nuclear membra

is a network of fibrous protein called the nuclear lamina which helps to stabilize the nuclear envelope

Lamins

Filament protein which bind to membrane proteins and associate with chromatin in non dividing cells

Chromatin binding sites

helps to organize the chromatin in the nucleus

Nuclear pore complexes

resulting lipid free spaces

Chromatin

complex of DNA and proteins and represents the relaxed, uncoiled chromosomes of the interphase nucleus.

DNA

The cell’s genetic material resides in the nucleus in the form of chromosomes, which are clearly visible during cell division

Nuclear Lamina

Inner nuclear membra is a network of fibrous proteins called the _____________

Golgi stack.

Composed of one or more series of flattened, slightly curved membrane-bounded cisternae

Barr body

the inactive, condensed X chromosome found in the cells of female mammals

Trisomy 13

Patau Syndrome

Trisomy 21

Down syndrome

Trisomy 18

Edward Syndrome

homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs, called

Telocentric chromosome

The centromere is at the terminal end

Acrocentric Chromosome

The centromere is located very close to one end

Sub-metacentric Chromosome

The centromere is located near the center

Metacentric Chromosome

The centromere is located at the center