Ap World unit 3 & 4 Historical Developments

Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.

Gunpowder empires used their militaries and weaponry to establish large empires and expand

Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

Religious disputes like the ones between the Sunni and Shia Muslims was driven by political disputes and created rivalries and conflicts

Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites and military professionals became more common among rulers to maintain centralized control

Rulers used bureaucracy and deployed military professionals to have control and maintain their power over their subjects like peasants

Rulers used religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.

To show people who is in charge leaders used things like art like the Manchu leaders in the Qing dynasty in traditional Han clothing and big buildings such as the Taj Mahal

Rulers developed tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax systems to generate revenue and expand state power.

To make money and expand the power of their empires, especially economically and development in general, rulers taxed their people with things such as tax farming and taxing Christians and jews to practice their religion

The Protestant Reformation broke with existing Christian traditions; both Protestant and Catholic reformations led to the growth of Christianity.

Protestants broke off from a corrupt Catholic church - made the Catholic church reform and made conflicts between both groups

Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires intensified the Sunni–Shi’a split within Islam.

Ottomans and Safavids already didn’t like each other and the difference in their religions made the difference and disagreements greater

Sikhism developed in South Asia through interactions between Hinduism and Islam.

Hinduism and Islam disagreement led to both religions meshing together - specifically in India

The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres through transoceanic voyaging transformed trade and societies

Trade grew exponentially because of the continental connection. Societies had more money, population decline for Indians and growth for afro Eurasia

slavery became a big thing in the Americas

different materials like animals and crops went form hemisphere to hemi

Increased interactions expanded the reach and development of religions, causing religious conflicts and syncretic belief systems

Religions don’t agree with each other so as each one spreads out further and touches each other, it creates conflicts but it can also lead to meshing of the religions like Sikhism

Empires grew in scope and influence, shaping and being shaped by diverse populations.

When empires got bigger they gained power. The size of these empires allowed for more innovations to be made

(Reiterated) Imperial expansion through gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade.

Gunpowder empires used their militaries and weaponry to establish large empires and expand

(Reiterated) Key land-based empires: Manchu, Mughal, Ottoman, Safavid.

Manchu was right above china during the ming dynasty and they took over and created the qing dynasty

mughal was tolerant to religions and was on the far right of the big three

ottoman empire was the biggest one and had conflics with the safavids

safavids were in between ottoman and mughal

(Reiterated) Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflicts between states.

sunni and shia was the most notable

jews werent rlly liked anywhere but tolerated by some

Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology increased interaction.

interaction between empires increased because of marine technologies allowed for travel etc

Developments such as the astrolabe, new maps, caravels, etc., made transoceanic travel possible.

these things got taken by europeans for the most part and then they used this to expand thru the sea

States supported maritime exploration due to demographic, economic, and religious motivations.

states paid for sea exploration travel and trade because it would give them god(spread religion) gold(money thru plants and silver) and glory(power in general)

States expanded maritime exploration and empire-building.

they did this by traveling thru the sea settling somewhere and building a colony there to make money

The Columbian Exchange connected the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

spread diseases like smallpox, ppl like slaves, plants like sugar cane and tomatoes, and animals like horses cows sheep and pigs

Food, diseases, animals, and people were exchanged across hemispheres.

this happened because of the Columbian exchange

Europeans established maritime empires in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

They spread their reach to these countries bc of tech developments and they got to make a lot of money and dominate the economy

Expansion was often enabled by armed trade and military technology.

an example of this was the Portuguese in the Indian ocean trade where they wanted to take over the trade in the area so they used arms to do it

States used economic strategies such as mercantilism to consolidate empires.

Mercantalism is focused on maximizing the empires wealth which will help them gain power

Colonial economies depended on coerced labor and plantation systems.

To make money- they wanted the cheapest labor so they forced indians and imported slaves from africa to work on their plantations

Mercantilist policies shaped economic activity in colonies.

colonies main job was to make the most amount of money for the mother country it helped them keep imports at a minimum and exports at a maximum

States used bureaucratic, religious, and military structures to control their growing empires.

helped contain the peasants and consolidate power to the officials

States encountered internal challenges to authority (corruption, competition, local resistance).

the fronde in france against the king, pueblo revolt against spanish settlers, maroons against plantation owners

States faced external challenges such as rivalries and conflict

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Social hierarchies changed as new ethnic, racial, and religious categories emerged.

social hierarchies shifted from mainly monetary to being based on race like the system in the spanish colonies with og spanin ppl > ppl w spanish parents > mix spanish and indian > mix spanish and african > indian > african

Mixing of cultures and peoples produced new identities.

created mixes between eurpeans africans and indians

Increased global interactions led to changes in cultural practices.

cultural practices like tomatoes in italy, pracitices of african religions in americas, catholic misisonaries in americas

Syncretic belief systems and cultural blending became more common.

shikism and religous tolerance became more common

Cultural developments spread as a result of transoceanic exchange.

cultural developments like religions and languages