Eukaryotic Cell Biology

True/False
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.

true

Fill in the Blank
Eukaryotic cells are typically much ________ than prokaryotic cells.

larger

Multiple Choice
Eukaryotic cells can form complex multicellular organisms because they:
A. Lack organelles
B. Can specialize into tissues
C. Are always single-celled
D. Have no plasma membrane

can specialize into tissues

Short Answer
Explain why eukaryotic cells can perform more complex functions than prokaryotic cells.

eukaryotic cells have organelles that divide labor, allowing complex functions like energy production, protein modification, and tissue formation

Multiple Choice
Which molecule is found in eukaryotic plasma membranes but not prokaryotic membranes?
A. Peptidoglycan
B. Cholesterol
C. Lipopolysaccharide
D. Teichoic acid

cholesterol

Fill in the Blank
_________ is the process by which a eukaryotic cell takes in material using vesicles.

endocytosis

Multiple Choice
Which of the following is not a form of endocytosis?
A. Phagocytosis
B. Pinocytosis
C. Exocytosis
D. Receptor-mediated uptake

exocytosis

True/False
Exocytosis moves materials out of the cell, while endocytosis brings materials in.

true

Short Answer
Describe how phagocytosis differs from general endocytosis.

phagocytosis involved extending pseudopods to engulf large particles or pathogens, while other forms of endocytosis take in smaller molecules or fluids

Multiple Choice
The cytoskeleton provides all of the following except:
A. Structural support
B. Energy production
C. Cell shape
D. Transport of materials

energy production

Fill in the Blank
The cytoskeleton is a network of ________ that helps maintain cell structure and transport materials.

filaments (microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments)

True/False
Ribosomes are considered part of the cytoplasm.

true

Multiple Choice
Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of:
A. Protein only
B. Protein and ribosomal RNA
C. Lipids and RNA
D. DNA and protein

protein and ribosomal rna

Fill in the Blank
“Selective toxicity” means a drug harms a ________ but not a ________.

microbe, human

Short Answer
Explain why antibiotics that target bacterial ribosomes usually don’t harm human cells.

bacterial ribosomes differ from eukaryotic ribosomes so antibiotics can target bacterial protein synthesis without harming human cells

Matching
Match each organelle with its function:
A. Nucleus
B. Nucleolus
C. Rough ER
D. Golgi apparatus
E. Vesicle

1. Sorts and packages materials

2. Produces ribosomes

3. Contains genetic material

4. Makes proteins for export

5. Transports materials between organelles

A3, B2, C4, D1, E5

Multiple Choice
Which organelle receives material from the nucleus and uses it to make proteins?
A. Smooth ER
B. Rough ER
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Lysosome

rough er

Fill in the Blank
The ________ apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages materials from the rough ER.

golgi

True/False
Secretory vesicles deliver materials to the plasma membrane.

true

Short Answer
Explain the path a protein takes from synthesis to secretion.

dna, mrna/nucleus, protein synthesis/rough er, modification and sorting/golgi, packaging/vesicle, secretion/plasma membrane

Multiple Choice
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is primarily involved in:
A. Protein synthesis
B. Lipid synthesis and detoxification
C. ATP production
D. DNA replication

lipid synthesis and detoxification

True/False
The smooth ER contains ribosomes

false

Fill in the Blank
The ________ is a sac of digestive enzymes that breaks down macromolecules and pathogens.

lysosome

Short Answer
Why are lysosomes particularly abundant in macrophages?

macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens, so they need many lysosomes to digest what they consume

Multiple Choice
Which organelle is the site of cellular respiration?
A. Nucleus
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi body

mitochondrion

Fill in the Blank
Mitochondria extract energy from food and store it in the bonds of ________.

atp

True/False
Mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

true

Multiple Choice
The endosymbiont hypothesis suggests that:
A. Organelles evolved from free-living prokaryotes
B. Organelles formed spontaneously
C. Prokaryotes evolved from eukaryotes
D. Ribosomes became mitochondria

organelles evolved from free living prokaryotes

Fill in the Blank
The green organelle in plants and algae that carries out photosynthesis is called the ________.

chloroplast

Short Answer
Explain two pieces of evidence that support the endosymbiont hypothesis.

both have their own dna and ribosomes, they reproduce independently within the cell, both have double membranes from the engulfing process

Multiple Choice
Eukaryotic cell walls:
A. Contain peptidoglycan
B. Vary in composition by organism
C. Are present in all eukaryotes
D. Are identical to prokaryotic walls

vary in composition by organism

Fill in the Blank
Protozoans have ________ cell walls.

no

True/False
The eukaryotic glycocalyx is a carbohydrate layer found on the outside of some cells

true

Short Answer
What are two functions of the glycocalyx in eukaryotic cells?

the glycocalyx protects cells, aids in cell recognition, and can help anchor the cell to surfaces

Multiple Choice
Eukaryotic flagella move by:
A. Rotation
B. Twisting
C. Whipping back and forth
D. Gliding

whipping back and forth

Fill in the Blank
Cilia and flagella are composed of ________ and are enclosed by the ________.

microtubules, plasma membrane

True/False
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella move in the same way.

false

Short Answer
Compare eukaryotic flagellar motion to bacterial flagellar motion.

eukaryotic move in a whip like motion using microtubules and atp, prokaryotic flagella rotate like a propeller using a motor protein in the cell membrane

Which Pair Is Correct?
A. Nucleus — protein synthesis
B. Lysosome — digestion of waste
C. Golgi apparatus — DNA replication
D. Rough ER — lipid synthesis

lysosome, digestion of waste

Which Characteristic Does Not Fit Eukaryotic Cells?
A. Contains organelles
B. Has peptidoglycan cell walls
C. Undergoes endocytosis
D. Contains 80S ribosomes

has peptidoglycan cell walls

Short Answer
Describe how eukaryotic cells maintain compartmentalization and why this is advantageous.

compartmentalization allows different cellular reactions to occur simultaneously without interference, improving efficiency and control

Short Answer
Explain why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered “semi-autonomous” organelles.

mitochondria and chloroplasts are semi autonomous because they have their own dna and ribosomes, allowing them to make some of their own proteins and replicate independently

endosymbiont hypothesis.

proposes that complex eukaryotic cells, like those of plants and animals, evolved from simpler prokaryotic cells that formed a symbiotic relationship

_____ bacteria in 1 eukaryotic cell

1000

eukaryotic cells can specialize and

form tissues in multicellular animals and plants

endocytosis

brings material into the cell

exocytosis

sends material out of the cell

phagocytosis

a form of endocytosis that uses pseudopods

Cytoskeleton provides

shape, support, transport

contains dna and nucleolus is involved in ribosome production

nucleus

series of membrane tubes and channels with ribosomes, receive material from nucleus and used to make proteins

rough endoplasmic reticulum

series of membrane discs, accepts material from ER, modifies material, sorts and packages for transport

golgi apparatus

membrane sacs

vesicles

transport vesicles, transitional

move material between location

secretory vesicles, condensing

deliver to plasma membrane

storage vesicles

material stored in the cell for a particular use

lacks ribosomes, site of lipid synthesis and detoxification of some harmful chemicals, specific duties depend on the type of cell

smoosh endoplasmic reticulum

sac of digestive enzyme, digest large macromolecules, organelles, and pathogens

engulf, form vacuole, merge, digest

lysosome

location of cellular respiration, extract energy and store it in the bonds of atp, double membraned (more reaction, more product), contains dna, contains ribosomes (prokaryotic), can make proteins, reproduce on their own

mitchondria

small green organelles in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis, make food not atp, double membrane

chloroplast

cell walls of eukaryotes

no peptidoglycan, material dependent on organism

carbohydrate layer just on the outside and sometimes inside

glycocalyx

microtubule projections that contain cytoplasm and enclosed by cell membrane, move back forth/whipping

flagella and cilia