BIOPSYC 1650 Exam 3

What is consciousness?

-a state of awareness (both inner & outer)

-it is dynamic

-arousal & awareness

-it can be altered

-produced by brain activity

Can consciousness be altered?

YES

What is unconsciousness?

a lack of awareness

Disorders of consciousness

Coma

Vegetative state

Minimally conscious state

What is a coma?

Unable to respond to external world. Machines keep the person alive.

What is a vegetative state?

Minimal eye opening and breathing on their own

What is a minimally conscious state?

Intermittent arousal and awareness

True or False:

Our consciousness is victim to priming.

True. Our amygdala causes us to remember.

ex. anger in traffic

What is priming?

when. a current stimulus causes another one later

Subliminal messages

it doesn't work but your can pick up on things

True or False:

Sleep is the absence of a behavior.

FALSE. Sleep is a behavior.

How many hours is our circadian rhythm?

24.4 hour schedule

Sleep deprivation

-we are more suggestible (used in brain washing)

-long term it kills brain cells

What is used in sleep studies:

Polysomnography: Pick up brain waves & eye movement

Stages of sleep

Stage 1: transition between sleep & wakefulness. Most likely to experience hypnagogic hallucination.

Stage 2: asleep but swear they "were awake"

Stage 3 & 4: SWS, stops relaying sensory input

REM: HR increases, muscle atonia (paralyzed postural muscles)

Evolutionary theory of sleep

designed to be kept out of harms way. we are not efficient at night.

Restoration theory of sleep

sleep allows our brain to repair itself.

increase in cerebrospinal fluid flushing during sleep

Information processing theory of sleep

sleep is critical for memory formation.

models talk about SWS and REM

If you are sleep deprived, what stage of sleep will your body want to make up for first?

REM

Dyssomnia

disorders that involve falling or remaining asleep

Insomnia

not getting enough sleep. (at least 3 weeks) characterized by hyper arousal.

onset: difficulty falling asleep

maintenance: trouble remaining asleep

termination: wake up too early and can't go back to sleep

What is the best treatment for insomnia?

CBT, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Sleep apnea

inability to breathe while sleeping

obstructive: people that are obese, fat is pressing down on the trachea

Treatment:

surgery to remove fat or CPAP machine

Narcolepsy

unexpected periods of sleep during wakefulness. Cataplexy: Wakefulness straight to REM.

Treatment: Stimulant drugs

Neurons lack a certain neurotransmitter

Parasonmnias

unwanted behaviors occurring during the sleep period. often due to partial wakefulness

REM Behavior Disorder

the person acts out their dreams. no muscle atonia.

treatment: clonazepam, 90% control rate that's CNS depressing

Sleepwalking

more prevalent in children. during SWS

Sleeptalking

occurs in all ages

Night terrors

when an individual wakes up in a panic w/ no idea why. more prevalent in children.

Meditation

altered state that decreases sympathetic arousal

Hypnosis

placebo effect- it is not experimentally proven

Psychoactive drugs _________________ alter consciousness

chemically. they alter neural transmission.

What is a legal psychoactive drug?

Caffeine

What is an illegal psychoactive drug?

Heroin

What is your brain reinforcing neurotransmitter?

Dopamine

What effects do depressants have on the user?

-slow the normal function of CNS

-may decrease anxiety

-improve sleep

What are examples of depressants?

-Inhalants: paint, glue

-Opiates: block pain in medical settings

-Benzodiazepines:

-Alcohol:

What is the most commonly abused sedative drug?

Alcohol

What effects do stimulants have on the user?

increase or enhance activity of the CNS

What are examples of stimulants?

-Caffeine: improve alertness & performance

-Nicotine: incredibly addictive

-Cocaine: very reinforcing bc of the massive amounts of dopamine released when taken

-Amphetamines:

What is a common illegal opiate?

Heroin. It stronger than morphine and gets to the brain faster.

What is a major side effect of opiate drugs?

Respiratory depression from receptors in the medulla. That's why people who OD die.

What is the most widely used drug?

Caffeine

What are examples of Mixed Action Drugs (MDMA)?

Ecstasy

At _______ doses ecstasy stimulates and at _________ doses, it produces hallucinations and kills brain cells.

Low, High

What is Ecstasy commonly used for at low doses?

PTSD

What is drug abuse charactersized as?

-compulsive

-obsessive

-dependent

Drug dependence can be _____________ and _________________.

psychological AND physiological

Where is dopamine released in our brain?

nucleus accumbens

What do beta waves indicate?

awake and alert

What do alpha waves indicate?

restful wakefulness

What does affinity mean in context to drugs?

ability of a drug to bind to a receptor

Learning is a ________________ change in behavior resulting from practice & experience.

permanent

What is habituation?

a decline in responding to a familiar stimulus

What is sensitization?

an increase in responding to stimuli that are new

What is biological preparadeness?

some organisms learn easier than others

What is used when a person is over dosing?

Naloxone (Narcan) because it has a higher affinity for opiate receptors.

What was the first example of associative learning?

Classical conditioning

What is associative learning?

the result of two things that occur close together in time

What is the law of continuity?

The NS (neutral stimulus) becomes CS (control stimulus) over time

What does UCS stand for?

Unconditioned Stimulus

What does CR stand for?

conditioned response

What does UCR stand for?

unconditioned response

Example- Pavlov experiment:

What is the bell?

What is the dog's salvation?

What is dog food?

Bell: NS

Salvation: CS

Dog food: UCS

What is higher order conditioning?

when you pair something new with a pre-exisiting condition and pair it with a new stimulus

Extincitio

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an US does not follow a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Example of birds:

Generalization

Discrimination

Generalization: The birds peck every color

Discrimination: The birds only peck the red because they know that their is a difference in reinforcement

What is a phobia?

irrational fear

What is operant conditioning?

a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences. voluntary control. example: pushing a lever

What type of unconditioned response does classical conditioning involve?

Automatic. ex. blinking or salivating

What type of unconditioned response does operant conditioning involve?

Voluntary behaviors

What is the law of effect?

responses rewarded will be repeated

Biofeedback

based on false data

What is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Water and food

What is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Money and good grades.

associated with positive outcomes

What is negative reinforcement?

taking away something bad to increase a behavior

What is positive reinforcement?

adding/giving something to increase likelihood that behavior will be repeated

What is negative punishment?

taking something away to decrease behavior

What is positive punishment?

adding something to decrease a behavior

What is the effect of schedules of reinforcement?

increase in behavior

What is continuous reinforcement?

Reinforced everytime

What is partial reinforcement?

reinforcement occurs sometimes.

Extinction is hard for which reinforcement schedule?

Partial

What is an example of fixed ratio schedule?

reinforcing every 5th lever press

What is an example of variable ratio?

reinforcing every 5th lever press ON AVERAGE

What is an example of fixed interval?

reinforcing after a specific amount of time

What is an example of variable interval?

reinforcing on average of a specific time

What is cognitive learning?

the acquisition of new knowledge or skills through mental processes more complex than stimulus- response learning

For behavioral modification, you must set ____________ and _______________ goals.

Realistic & Specific

What is behavioral modification?

used by humans to change behavior.

-realistic and specific goals

-choose reinforcement wisely

-record progress

-reinforce small steps

What type of learning is it when someone learns to do something with no obvious reinforcer?

Latent learning

What type of learning is it when someone has a moment of realization when it "clicks" and is common in REM sleep?

Insight learning

What type of learning is it when someone learns by watching others?

Observational learning

Ex. Swearing in front of kids and they copy you

What is learned helplessness?

when you see a failure to escape a situation so you give up trying

ex. a dog remaining still because he gets shocked if he moves

What is learning influenced by?

-enriched or impoverished environments

-learning disabilities

-hearing and cognition

What is memory?

the brain's ability to analyze, use, store, and retrieve information

What are the three processes of memeory?

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

True or False

You don't need to pay attention to something to remember it.

FALSE

you must be paying attention if you want to remember something

What does the information-processing model of memory explain?

the higher our emotions the greater we will remember something.

What are flashbulb memories?

Memory's from highly significant events