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Where were the Songhai located in?
West Africa
Where were the Safavids based?
In Persia
Where were the Mughal located in?
Northern India
What reigions were the Ottomans located in?
The Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Northern Africa
Where were the Manchus located?
In Eastern Asia
Who established the Qing Dynasty and when?
The Manchus in 1644
What two Islamic gunpowder empires were often at war with each other and why?
The Safavids and the Ottomans because the Safavids were Shi'a muslims and the Ottomans were Sunni muslims
Who ruled the Ottoman Empire at its height?
Suleiman the Magnificent
What are gunpowder empires?
Empires that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories
What period ended in 1450 in Europe?
the medieval period
What period begun in 1450?
The early modern period
How did new monarchies throughout Europe in the 1500s centralize power?
By controlling taxes, the army, and many aspects of religion
Who were the new monarchs in England?
The Tudors
Who were the new monarchs in France?
The Valois
Who were the new monarchs in Spain?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
Who expanded the Russian boarder eastward in the 16th century and what did he rely on to aid his conquest?
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible); gunpowder
What were Cossacks and what were they hired for?
Bands of fierce peasant warriors; to fight local tribes and the Siberian Khan
What were Stroganovs?
major Russian landowners
What river were the Stroganovs siccessful in capturing?
The Volga River
When was the Ming Dynasty established?
in 1368
Why was the Great Wall of China renewed under the Ming Dynasty?
Because in 1440, Mongol armies and other invaders posed a threat once again to them
What order do the 3 most relevant Chinese empires go in?
Yuan, Ming, and Qing
Who are two Chinese Emperors that are important to note and what year did they begin their reign?
Emperor Kangxi (1661) and Emperor Qianlong (1736)
What happened to the Chinese bureacracy under Qianlong's rule? What group was formed because of this event?
It became corrupt and began levying high taxes on people; the White Lotus Rebellion formed, and they tried to overthrow the Qing dynasty to revert it back to the Ming
The Warrior leaders of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires all descended from _____________________.
Turkic Nomads who once lived in Central Asia
Who set the stage for the rise of the Islamic gunpowder empires?
Tamerlane (a Mongol- Turkic ruler)
Where did the ghazi ideal first begin in and what is it?
The Eurasian Steppes; it is a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam
Tamerlane was orignially the ruler of what place?
Samarkand
What dynasty founded the Ottoman Empire?
The Osman Dynasty
Who ruled while the Ottomans conquered Constantinople?
Mehmed II
What did the Ottoman army use to take control of Constantinople?
Giant canons
What land-based empire ended the Byzantine Empire?
The Ottomans
What dynasty built the Taj Mahal?
The Mughal
What empire ruled Persia in this era?
The Safavids
What dynasty rule the Russian empire?
The Romanov
When did the Romanov begin their rule?
In 1613
What was the most important technology to the Protestant Reformation?
The printing press
Who established the Ottoman Empire and when?
Osman I in the 14th century
Who was the ruler of the Ottoman empire when they conquered Constantinople?
Mehmed II
What name was Constantinople changed to after it was conquered?
Istanbul
Who started the rise of the Islamic gunpowder empires?
Tamerlane
What was the ghazi ideal?
a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam
In what manner did Tamerlane conquer areas of Central Asia?
violently
What area did Mehmed attack during his reign and what did he force them to do afterwards?
He attacked Venice, Italy, but did not conquer it; he forced them to pay him a yearly tax
How did Suleiman aid the Ottoman Empire during his rule?
He expanded the empire and displayed their power
Who established the Safavid Empire and when?
Ismail; in 1501
What is a shah?
A king or emperor
What were two problems the Safavid empire had?
They had no real navy, and lacked natural defenses
Who ruled the Safavid Empire at its height?
Shah Abbas I
What did the Ottomans and Safavids disagree on besides religion?
control of overland trade routes
What was life like for women in the Safavid empire?
They were veiled and restricted, but had rights for inheritance and divorce
WHo established the Mughal Empire and when?
Babur (a descendant of Tamerlane); in 1520
Who allowed Mughal India to reach new heights?
Akbar the Great (Babur's grandson)
What goods did Mughal India trade?
textiles, tropical foods, spices, and precious stones
What was the ultimate cause for the downfall of the gunpowder empires (except for Russia)?
They did not modernize themselves as Western Europe grew economically and militarily
What claim was often used to solidify authority in Europe?
The divine right of kings - God gave a king the right to rule
What did the English Tudors rely on during their rule and what are they?
The justices of peace; officials whose jobs were to maintain peace in the countries of England
What document was signed by England's rulers in 1689 and what is it?
The English Bills of Rights; a document that guaranteed protection against tyranny of the monarch and assured individual civil liberties
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the French government became more _____________.
absolute
Louis XIII and his minister Cardinal Richelieu developed what governmental system?
What were intendents often called?
Tax farmers because they oversaw the tax collection of the royal government
Who wanted to become the sole ruler and dictator of France?
Louis IX
When did Louis IX rise to power? In 1643
What did Louis IX do to make sure nobles would not plot against him?
He kept nobles in his palace of Versailles
Who stood at the top of the Russian social pyramid?
Russian peasants often became serfs. What is serfdom?
Serfs or peasants recieved a plot of land or protection from a noble, but were bound to that land and had little personal freedom
What two groups had tension in Russia?
the nobles and rulers; The Boyars of Novgorod and Ivan IV
How did Ivan IV punish the boyars?
By defeating them, confiscating their land, and forcing them to move to Moscow
What paramilitary force did Ivan IV establish?
the oprichnina
Who rose to power in 1682 in the Romanov Dynasty?
Peter the Great
What system was often used by Ottoman sultans? What is it?
the devshirme system; Christian boys form the Balkans were forcibly recruited to serve in the Ottoman government
Who were the Janissaries?
Chirstian boys from the Balkans who were taken from their families and placed in elite forces in the Ottoman army
What dynasty came after the Yuan Dynasty in China?
The Ming dynasty
What things did the Ming Dynasty re-instate after Mongol rule?
their bureaucracy, the civil service exam, and a national school system
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