plant anatomy

Plant Morphology

Study of physical form and external structure of plants

• useful in the visual identification of plants

Plant anatomy

• study of the internal structure of plants (cell and tissue) especiallt microscopic

Application of plant anatomy

• It provides characters such as trichomes, stomata, cuticular pattern, leaf venation, wood anatomy, growth rings etc. to aid in species identification and in performing physical matches of evidence. • It lead to a better understanding of how to care for plants and fight plant diseases

plant habit

• general form of a plant, encompassing stem duration and branching pattern, development, or texture.

Herb

• plant with annual above-ground parts

Geophyte

• perennial herb with rootstock

Vine

• weak stemmed

Liana

• woody vine

shrub

• woody, multiple stems from base

subshrub

• woody just above ground

Tree

woody, one trunk

Annual

1 year plant duration

Biennial

2 years plant duration

Perennial

3 years or more plant duration

Rheophyte

• is a plant found along (often swiftly flowing) streams and river banks. .

saxicolous

• those that grow directly on rocks or rocky surfaces, often in crevices or fissures.

Therophyte

• annual

Geophyte

• perennial herb

Epiphyte

• plant growing on another plant

Halophyte

• salt - adapted plants

succulent

• plant with fleshy leaves or stem

Xerophyte

• plant living in dry, hot environment

Embryophyta

• land plants

• group of green plants that comprise vegetation on earth

Meristematic

• Cells of this tissue are found in meristems, which are plant regions of continuous cell division and growth.

• A tissue cells are either undifferentiated or incompletely differentiated; •

• Continue to divide and contribute to the growth of the plant.

Permanent

• Consists of plant cells that are no longer actively dividing

Anomocyte

• In this type, the stomata remains surrounded by limited number of subsidiary cells which are quite alike the remaining epidermal cells.

Anisocytic

• In this stomata remains surrounded by three subsidiary cells of which one is distinctly smaller than the other two. Example: Cruciferacea, Solanum, Nicotiana etc.

Paracytic

• In this type, the stomata surrounded by two subsidiary cells which are parallel to the longitudinal axis of pore and guard cells.

Diacytic

• In this type, the stomata remains surrounded by a pair of subsidiary cells whose common wall is at right angles to the guard cells. Example: Acanthacea, Caryophyllaceae

Actinocytic

• These stomata are surrounded by four or more subsidiary cells, elongated radially to the stomata. Example: Araceae, Musaceae, Commelinaceae

Cyctocytic

• The stomata are surrounded by four or more subsidiary cells arranged in a narrow ring around the stoma Example: Palmae, Pandanus, Cyclanthaceae

Graminaceous type

• The stomatal guard cells are dumb bell shaped. They are surrounded by subsidiary cells which are lying parallel to the long axis of the pore. Example: In the members of Poaceae and cyperaceae

Plant trichomes

• Also known as epidermal hairs which are appendages of the epidermal cells.

• They maybe unicellular or multicellular and glandular or non- glandular structures.

plastid

• •is a diverse group of double membrane-bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food, commonly found within the cells of photosynthetic plants and algae

• discovered and named by Ernst Haeck, but A. F. Wplastid containing green p

Etioplast

Crystalline prolamellar bodies precursor of chlorophyll

Chromoplast

Pigment synthesis and storage

Chloroplast

photosynthesis and lipid synthesis

Leucoplast

• non pigmented, synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids

Amyloplast

• storage of starch and sugar

Elaioplast

• storage of lipids and oil

Proteinoplast

sites of enzyme (protein) activity

Plant crystals

• the final products of cellular metabolic processes, which usually are deposited in vacuoles and cytoplasm.

Elongated columella

arrange in longitudinal columns. Containing 15-30 amyloplasts that sediment in response to gravity to the lower side of the cells.

Peripheral cells

• which is the periphery of the root cap.

Peripheral cells & epidermal cells

• of root produce & secrete large amount of mucigel (for protection, lubrication, water and nutrient absorption)

Cortex

has ground tissue, for storage of photosynthetic products & active in the uptake of water and minerals;

Epidermis

• with dermal tissue, for protection of the root;

Endodermis

• which has cylinder once cell thick that forms a boundary between the cortex and the stele & contains the casparian strip;

Pericycle

• which is found just inside of the endodermis may become meristematic responsible for the formation of lateral roots;

Vascular tissue

• which are Xylem and Phloem that forms an X-shaped pattern in very center of root

Lateral transport of minerals and water in root

• ⚫There are two pathways in a root which can be taken in the plant for uptake of water and dissolved nutrients. Each way has its advantages and disadvantages.

Apoplastic pathway

• can occur if the hypodermis is absent. Water goes through cell walls and intercellular spaces. As the water flows, solutes move with the flow or by diffusion. This pathway is very efficient

Symplastic pathway

• occurs if the hypodermis is present. Water goes through cellular membranes and living cells. Water moves by osmosis

Tropism

• is the innate ability of an organism to turn or move in response to a stimulus.

positive tropism

• organism will move toward the stimulus

Negative tropism

• , the organism will move away from the tropism

taxis

• movement caused by a tropism is called?

Abscisic acid

• maintains seed dormancy and water dormancy closes stomata

Auxine

• promotes stem and pollen tube elongation promote vascular tissue differentiation

Brassinosteroids

promotes stem and pollen tube elongation, promote vascular tissue differentiation

Cytokinins

• inhibit leaf senescence; promote cell division and axillary bud outgrowth; affect root growth

Ethylene

• promotes fruit ripening and leaf abscission; inhibits stem elongation and gravitropism

Gibberellins

• promotes seed germination, stem growth, and fruit development. Break winter dormancy mobilize reserves in grass seeds