Urban futures

• What is a millionaire city

A city with a population of 1Million or above

What is a mega city? Give some examples if u can

A city with a population of 10million or above e.g, Beijing, Paris, London

What is a meta city

Population of 20million + (Tokyo, Mumbai)

What is a world city? Give some examples

cities that have a big influence on the world because of their wealth and commercial strengths

Advantages of megacities

Allow industry and finance to cluster together and take advantage of a ready market, labour force and access to markets abroad

Provision of education and basic infrastructure (roads water electricity) is often better than in rural areas

Cities usually have lower infant mortality rates and higher life expectancy then rural area

The growth of the informal sector allows local entrepreneurial talent to thrive and helps to tackle on employment

Self help housing provides a solution to housing shortages

Strong community and employment networks in slums

Disadvantages of mega cities

Inward migration tends to happen quicker than the place of economic and social development in the mega City

Universities and health centres are usually in wealthier areas so inaccessible to most of the population

Serious environmental problems including local water shortages, widespread subsidence (sinking) of land, contamination of groundwater, sewage disposal and air pollution

As many of the mega cities are on coastlines, valuable habitats and natural coastline protection are threatened

The government rarely supports the informal sector as it does not provide tax and only helps the Urban poor

People living in slums tend to occupy land that is not fit for Development so they can be at risk of landslides and floods

Lack of coordination across administrative areas makes the planning of services difficult

How do urban growth rates vary in parts of the world with contrasting levels of the development

Urbanisation is faster in lidcs as there are more job opportunities in cities (compared to lids rural) and are more access to services like better school and better Healthcare however in rural areas of lidcs this is not available but in ACs even in rural areas we have access to these ( work from home etc). The urbanisation in ACs is very low or sometimes even negative (move from urban to rural) because urbanisation already happened earlier during the indurdtrial revolution and so most people already live in cities. In lids urbanisation is also rapid because there is a high internal growth

What are the two things involved in urbanisation and explain them

Natural increase - where the birth rate is higher than the death rate so the population increases

Internal migration is where rural area habitants move into urban areas

What are the reasons for a falling death rate in urban areas

People have better access to healthcare so they stay alive longer, less physical labor jobs, safer environment

Why do birthrates take longer to fall in urban lidcs

In rural areas people tend to have more children because children can help out on farms and other jobs, they might also have many children to secure that at least one of them survives or due to lack of access to contrecetipion or abortion. So when they migrate to urban areas they may still have this tradition and continue to have more children (lag time)

Push and pull factor or urbanisation

Push:

Lack of transport, limited access to water, limited job variety (mostly primary sector and some secondary), limited job oppurtinies, land degradation (dry land, drought, famine), lack of services, poor education, crop failure, natural disasters

Pull : (basically opposite of push)

Access to shops, easier access to food, service sector jobs l, better education, more job opportunities, electricity, hot water, clean water, medicine, more entertainment, more variety of food, better quality of life and standard of living, rubsish collection services

Define shanty town

An area of poorly built, low cost and often illegal housing found in and around cities in LIDCS and EDCS

Positive consequences of shanty towns

Every Inch is space is use

Strong sense of community

People work in informal sector (can earn a living quickly through informal work)

Plastic waste gets recyclyed

Habitants are usually quite happy despite conditions(increased quality of life)

Affordable land

Informal schools

Negative consequences of shanty towns

Dirty conditions

No rubish collection

Disease spread quickly

Unstable makeshift housing

No sewage system

Horrible work conditions

Chemical pollution

People work in informal sector (jobs are unstable and no insurance or protection, unsafe conditions)

Poor sanition

Lack of Healthcare

Overcrowding

Lack of greenspace

Air pollution (using fires to heat things up)

What is the burgess model

A model showing how the city is divided into 5 different rings. In the center is the CBD, outside or that is Inner City, then inner suburbs then outer suburbs then at last rural - urban fringe

Pros and cons of CBD and who stays there

Pros:

Lots of transport links, access to services, lots of entertainment, lots of jobs in tertiary sector

Cons:

Noise, light, air pollution

Expensive

Less sense of community

Little green space

Higher crime rates

People:

Business people, young professionals

Pros and cons of inner city and who stays there

Pros

Cheaper housing than CBD but still has a good amount of transport link

Close to schools and jobs in CBDS

Cons:

Traffic congestion

Not a lot of greenspace

Crime

Fewer services

Who:

Students, poorer residents

Pros and cons of inner suburbs

Pros:

Quieter

More greenspace

Aceess to wider variety of services like leisure centers

Cons:

Travel futher to CBD

Who:

Families (working class families)

Pros and cons of outer suburbs

Pros:

Less polluted in environment

Less crime

More community

More greensoace

Safer

Larger houses

Cons:

Difficult to access CBD

Expensive

Who:

Families (older families and Middle class families)

Pros and cons of rural urban-fringe

Pros:

Quiet

Lots of greenspace

Strong community

Bigger houses

Lower crime rates

Farms

Cons:

Far from CBD and not many transport links

Some areas under development pressure

Who:

Older ppl (retirement)

Rich familoes

Primary sector jobs (farmers etc)

What is suburbanisation

The outward growth of urban development which may engulf surrounding villages and towns into a larger urban agglomertation

What is counter urbanisation

People moving from urban areas into rural areas (NOT suburbs)

What is reurbanisation

The movement of people back into a area that has been previously abandoned

What is gentrifaction

The process of renovating and improving a house or district so that is conforms to middle class taste

How can suburbanisation have negative consequences for the environment

New housing estates need to be built so more of the ground is covered in impermeable surfaces like concrete therefore increasing the risk of flooding. Housing estates may be built on habitats. Inhabitants of new housing may still work in urban areas and have to burn fossil fuels to commute. Loss of greenspace. Higher electricity consumption

How can suburbanisation have a negative impact on city centers

Surbunastion leads to more buildings in city centers being deserted therefore a lack of community spirit in these areas which can lead to higher crime rates which can lead impact business in city centre. Suburban can also lead to a wealth divide (wealthier people in suburb)s) and ethnic segregation. Urban decay. Reduced economic activity

What is the difference between suburbanisation and counterurbanisation

Counter-urbanisation reduces the urban population by moving people out of urban areas to rural areas, whereas suburbanisation grows the urban area (and its population) outwards into the suburbs.

How is counterurbanisation affecf for rural areas

Provides small local business m w more customers and therfore a higher local economy

Overcrowding due to sudden surge of people

Pollution

Can disrupt the community the locals had

New houses don’t fit in with old housee

New people creates business and overtake older business

Diverse population

Investment in infrastructure

Rising house prices

Causes of Re urbanisation

Governments and developers redevelop old city areas w newer housing and shops, improved infrastructure and transport

Better economic opportunity

University students may go for accommodation + nightlife

Counter urbanisation may have caused high housing prices in rural areas so it’s now cheaper in urban areas

How can reurbanisation affect urban areas

Social - lower rates of unemployment so lower crime rates, more cultural disputes, gentrecifation may cause poorer people to be able to not afford accommodation

Enviromental - redevelopment of brown spaces (ares that have already been built on), loss or urban wildkife habitats, reduces urban sprawl (protect countryside)

Economic - increases local economy, rising property values (good for investors bad for buyers)

What is urbanisation

An increase in proportion of people living in town and cities (urban areas)

Conseqneues of urbanisation

Social - job sectors of cities may not be able to keep up and may be left unemploymed, greater opportunities for crime, tensions between old and new inhabitants, overcrowding, pressure on education, poor health

Environmental - lack of greenspace, air pollution (lack of appliances so more fires used for heat and accumulated smoke leads to bad air quality), water pollution, poor drainage system leads to flood risk, no waste disposal

Economic - expensive infrastructure and facilities need to be built to keep up with growing population, many people work but don’t pay givermebt taxes (informal sector jobs) so reduced GDP, unemployment, attracts investment

Push and pull factors of urbanisation

Push:

Overcrowding

Noise pollution

Light pollution

Air pollution

High housing price

Generally small(er) hiuses

Lack of community

Pull:

Better quality of life

Cheaper houses (per sqm not overall)

Bigger house

Better community

Quieter

Less pollution

Economic consequences of suburbanisation

Business owners can move their companies into less competetive areas with more space for expansion and often cheaper rent

Boosts local econmovy in suburbs

Creates jobs

Inscrease property value

Increased commuting cost

Decline of city centre business

What is the Global importance of Birmingham

9th most populated city in europe

Has best worldwide advances in science, technology and economic development during the industrial revolution

Named first manufacturering town in the world

Birthplace of the indurstail steam engine

Birthplace of heavy metal music

Home to international business such as jaguar land rover

Birmingham Airport

University of Birmingham

What is the national importantance of Birmingham

2nd biggest city in England (after London)

Ranks as a beta city ( second most imoronatnt city after alpha London)

2nd largest economy in the Uk

Second largest centre of higher education in UK

Fourth most visited city in the UK by foreigners

Attacked heavily by luftwaffe during ww2 (because of how important it was indrustraially and manufacturing)

Contributes billions to national economy

Home to Aston villa

Regional importance of birmgham

Queen Elizabeth hospital

Bullring shopping centre

HS2 being built which connects London to Birmingham and cuts journey time by 10misn

What are some contemporary challenges in Birmingham and include PSD

Fat map - 1, 058 takeaways in brummy which accounts up to 96.1 takeaways per 100,000 people which is higher than national average of 88. City centre has a lot more takeaways than suburbs. In late 2022 it was recorded that 66.2% of adults in Birmingham were overweight and 29% obese (national average is 14%)

Air pollution - air quality exceeding limits with nitrogen dioxide level being higher than WHO guildines and legal limit of 40 micrograms per m³. 520 deaths annually attribute to poor air quality

Riots - Lots of riots in 2011 targeting areas like leisure complexes and shops which revealed the disconnection from authority. Many of the rioters were young unemployed and disengaged with poverty and lack and oppurtinies. Three Muslim men killed. 130 arrests made. £500,000 damage made to Emporio Armani store.

Image problem - labelled as a “national disgrace” by the Telegraph. Oftesed (2010) saidd it has the worst failings in child protection seen in the county. Infant mortality rates is twice national average and said to be worse than Cuba. Double national employment rate (esp in inner city like Ladywood, sparkbrook). Negativily portrayed in the media. TV series by Channel 4 set in brummy called benefit street

House prices - house prices been increasing since 1998.housing shortages as they need to build 89,000 housing by 2031 but only have space for 51,000. 30,000 waiting for council housing which puts pressure on private renting which leads to overcrowding and higher rents. 70% of city residents cant afford to buy average sized homes on their income. On average house prices are cheaper UK average but birgmiag average wage is cheaper than national average

Congestion - West Midlands loses 1bilkion annually due to traffic delays. Ineffecient and prolonged roadworks such as those on the M6 junction 9 hinder progress. Rush house sppeds are below 15mph (usually 8mph to 12mph) because of so much congestion. Public complain that public transport in Birmingham is less effecient than London of Manchester so there is car dependency. Drivers lose 134 hours a year in traffic according to INRIX (traffic data company). Causes a reduced attractiveness of the city for business and investment

What is the brownfield site case study include PSD

It is a proposed 1 billion redevelopment project for the site of the former rover car factory in Longbridge, Birmingham

£70 million will be used for a construction of a new town centre

There will be a new sainsburys store with 165,000 sq feet of retail space

25 new shops and restraunts

3 new green parks to improve quality of local environment

40 apartments besides the parks

10,000 new jobs

2000 new homes on 468 acre site

New community facilities

Bournville college relocated to new site costing £66 million

Eases pressure on nearby greenbelt

Nearby shop owners in Northfield fear they will lose trade

Local house prices will go up with demand for new housing so local people may not be able to afford them (gentrecifation)

An increase congestion on the roads

What is the cycle revolution include psd

A 20 year plan to support cyclist across the city. Aims to make cycling a more integral part of transport netwok. Total investment in it is 22.9m. Will build 36km of new routes and 8km of upgrades on the “main biking corridors” and there will be parrallell routes next to main corridors for less experienced cyclists (57.km of new parrallell routes and 12km of upgrades on parrallell routes). Proviiding 5000 bikes and 15 addition cycle hubs (where you keep bikes) and a long term loan solutions for begginer cyclist

Cons: many unlit isolated paths where people have been pushed in waterways and requires a lot of new infrastructure

What is the congestion charge (clean air zone)