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Vitamin A
Helps form a light-sensitive chemical in the eyes; aids epithelial cell growth
Vitamin D
Aids calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine, prevents loss of these elements in the urine; needed for bone growth
Vitamin E
Inhibits the breakdown of cell membranes; necessary for red blood cell, DNA, and RNA formation; is an antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals
Vitamin K
Plays a major role in blood clotting
Thiamine (B1)
(CE) works in multiple body sys, needed for biochemical rxns - like ATP generating ones, and synthesis of acetylcholine (used by nervous sys cells)
Riboflavin (B2)
(CE) works in multiple body sys; needed for cellular rxns in eyes, skin, intestinal epithelia, and blood cells.
Niacin (B3)
(CE) that works in multiple body sys; needed for breakdown of fats and for skin cell metabolism
B6
(CE) that works in multiple body sys, needed for chemical reactions that involve amino acids
B12
Plays a role in red blood cell formation and in chemical rxns involving nucleic acids
Folate (Folic Acid B9)
Needed for chem rxns involving amino acids and nucleic acids
Pantothenic acid (B5)
(CE) that works in multiple body sys; used in creation of several hormones; needed for biochemical processing of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids
Ascorbic Acid (C)
promotes protein synthesis, including collagen formation; and antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals (highly reactive chemicals that could otherwise cause damage)
Calcium (Ca)
Helps form/maintain healthy bones and teeth; decreases the risk of certain cancers; plays a role in regulation of blood pressure and immune system function
Fluoride (F)
Supports the deposition of calcium and phosphorus in bones and teeth
Iodine (I)
A component of thyroid hormones that controls the regulation of body temperature, BMR, growth, and reproduction
Iron (Fe)
part of hemoglobin and myoglobin, which transport oxygen in the body; component of many enzymes; essential for brain growth/function
Phosphorus (Ph)
An essential component of ATP; helps form/maintain healthy bones; helps activate/deactivate enzymes; a component of DNA and RNA
Potassium (K)
plays a role in muscle contractions and the transmission of nerve impulses; helps regulate blood pressure
Sodium (Na)
Helps regulate water distribution and blood pressure; involved in nerve transmission and muscle function; aids in absorption of some nutrients
List the minerals
Calcium, Fluoride, Iodine, iron, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium
List the fat-soluble Vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
List the Water-soluble vitamins
Niacin (B3), Riboflavin (B2), Thiamine (B1), B6, B12, Folate (B9), Pantothenic acid (B5), and Ascorbic Acid (C)
Calorie (kilocalorie)
Unit food scientists use to measure potential energy in foods; amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of H2O by 1 degree celsius
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
amount of energy required to sustain a person’s metabolism for 1 day if at rest
Energy
capacity of a physical system to do work
Nutrients
substances the body needs for energy, growth, and maintenance
Macronutrients
substances like carbs, proteins, and fats that the body needs in relatively large quantities
Micronutrients
vitamin and minerals that are essential to the body in small amounts
Carbohydrate examples
sugars and starches such as fructose, sucrose, glucose, bread, and pasta
How many calories in 1 gram of carbohydrates?
about 4 calories
How much of daily caloric intake should be from carbohydrates?
1/4
Amino Acids
make up proteins
Essential amino acids
must be part of diet as body doe snot produce them in sufficient amounts or at all
Nonessential amino acids
body makes them in sufficient amounts
How much of daily caloric intake should be from protiens?
1/4
How many calories does one gram of protein supply?
4 calories
Examples of proteins
legumes and grains like beans, peas, rice, corn, and wheat
Fats (lipids)
substances in foods that include oils and solid fats
Saturated fatty acids come from…
animal products, palm oil, and coconut oil; usually solid at room temp
Unsaturated fatty acids come from…
plant sources; are usually liquid at room temp
Three divisions of unsaturated fatty acids
Monosaturated, polysaturated, and trans-unsaturated fats
Sources of monosat fats
canola and olive oils
sources of polysat fat
corn and soybean oils
Sources of Trans fats
artificially produced
how many calories are in one gram of fat?
about 9 calories
Hoe many calories should be from fat daily?
less than 25-35% of total daily calories
Vitamins
organic chemicals needed by the body for normal function
Fat-soluble (water insoluble) vitamins are stored…
in the body and in excess can be toxic
water-soluble vitamins are stored…
not in the body and excess is expelled in urine, most are coenzymes
Coenzymes
molecules that aid in the actions of enzymes
Vitamin Deficiency
long-term lack of a particular vitamin in one’s diet, may result in health issues
Minerals
elements that the body needs in relatively small amounts but are essential, body need different amounts of each
The Alimentary Canal is also called…
the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Alimentary canal
the tube that runs through the body beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus
Ingestion
getting food into body, involves the mouth, lips, teeth, and tongue
Propulsion
initiated by swallowing at the pharynx and peristalsis
Mechanical breakdown
reduces food into smaller pieces and increases the surface area of the food
Chemical Breakdown
enzymes in the lumen and on the walls of the GI tract that break large food molecules into smaller molecules (Digestion)
Absorption
digested food particles moved into blood from the lumen of the small intestine
Defecation
the expulsion of the food that was not absorbed (via the anus)
Mucosa (mucus membrane)
has an innermost layer of epithelial tissue whose surface is covered by mucus secreted by cells or glands
has a slightly deeper layer of areolar connective tissue containing blood/lymph vessels, nerves, and some mucus secreting glands
Submucosa
lies below the mucosa and is a layer of irregular, dense connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
Muscularis Externa
surrounds the submucosal layer can be divided into 2 layers of smooth muscle visceral (closer to lumen) with fibers that contract in a circular manner around lumen and parietal with fibers that contract in a longitudinal manner around canal. These layers help with mechanical breakdown via peristalsis
Serosa
the outermost layer, is a serous membrane, is called peritoneum in the abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral peritoneum - wraps around the organs and forms the outer layer of those organs
Parietal peritoneum - lines the body wall
Mesentery
connects the visceral and parietal peritoneum, helps to hold abdominopelvic organs, especially the small intestine in place
Peritoneal cavity
the empty space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum is filled with watery fluid
Retroperitoneal
Organs that are not surrounded by visceral peritoneum and lie against the dorsal wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
Lumen
central opening of the alimentary canal into the stomach
Peristalsis
the symmetrical contraction of muscles that moves food along the remainder of the GI tract
Gums (gingiva)
a soft tissue that covers the necks of the teeth and the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw)
Incisors
4 front teeth on top/bottom of mouth used for cutting
Canine
lateral and posterior to the incisors and are used for cutting
Molars
grind and crush, 2 sets of premolars or bicuspids, 2 sets of molars, 1 set of wisdom teeth
Parotid glands
largest salivary gland, located below skin in front of ears
Submandibular
located on the medial side of the lower back part of the mandible
Sublingual
under each side of the tongue
Saliva
protects mouth from bacteria, initiates chem breakdown of food, moistens and lubricates food, made of water, enzymes - salivary amylase and lingual lipase
Esophagus
a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, reaches the stomach just below the diaphragm
Glottis
opening to larynx and trachea, located in laryngopharynx
Epiglottis
fold of tissue that directs food to esophagus during swallowing, located within laryngopharynx
Stomach
reservoir where food is broken down mechanically and chemically
Regions of the stomach
Cardia - region closest to esophagus “near the heart”
Fundus - upper
Body - middle
Pyloric - lower part
What are the three muscle layers of the stomach?
the extra muscle layer (oblique muscle layer), longitudinal and circular layers. Oblique is below the others.