Unification of Germany & Italy

The Iron Chancellor

Bismarcks’ nickname as he was in charge of Prussia; the highest official

Blood and Iron

this speech talked about how the only way to get power is violence and spilling blood

Diplomat

an official representing a country abroad

Realpolitik

realistic politics based on the needs of state

Kaiser

another name for the title of an emperor

Second Reich(empire)

The unified German states 

Kulturkampf

“culture struggle”; the bitter struggle on the part of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck

• Started after German unification

• Movement against Catholic Church, against Otto von Bisamrck

• Make Catholic more loyal to state

• Battle of church vs state and how much state controls religion 

Wilhelm I

• Worked with Bismarck 

  • Used Prussia to bring them together 

• Defeated France during Franco-Prussian War 

• Hired Bismarck 

Napoleon

• Spreads Napoleonic code 

• Ends Holy Roman empire 

• Reason for congress of Vienna

Otto Von Bismarck

united Germany; made up conservative landowning nobles; was the diplomat for Prussia; was prime minister for King Wilhelm I; chancellor; realist

• goal: unite Germany

• was the minister (chancellor)

• believed in the realpolitik

  • bribed to get what he needed

  • not an overextended

• reason for Franco-Prussian War

  • manipulated the notes to start the war —> allowed unification

• tries to reform the Catholics = start of Kulturkampf —> (failed)

  • tries social reforms + industrial revolution

• fried by Kaiser Wilhelm II

Kaiser Wilhelm II

• Becomes the king of the unified German states 

• Desires control only for himself → fires Bismarck , overextended himself

• Beliefs: wants to benefit Germany quickly 

  • Becomes aggressive in military decisions, industrial expansion, starts war with Britain (moving towards WWI)

  • Has similar mindset as Napoleon (always rushing into battle + trying to get the most bang out of few bucks)

Young Italy:

a secret society that constituted Italy, one, free, independent republican nation

Risorgimento

to inspire the Italian people to overthrow their foreign rulers and unify the Italian states as a single nation

Red shirts

a battle with people who volunteered to battle Sicily; the volunteers wore red shirts

Guiseppe Mazzini

 the soul of the Italian unification movement 

• Formed the Young Italy movement 

  • Didn’t last long (the French took it down)

• Beliefs: revolution + warfare / wanted to challenge the old order 

  • Nationalist 

• Makes Risorgimento (meaning rising again (like Roman days)

  • Allows the creation of a republic in Rome (was ended by the French)

  • They want to revive their glorious past history of the Roman Empire

  • Italy is the homebase of the Pope (Rome is a symbol of power)

Victor Emmanuel

• Wanted a monarchy (represented as the glue + brought the southern and northern nations together)

• Wanted to increase power for his own state (regionalism)

• Helps out Sardinia (strongest Italy state)

Count Camillo Cavour

 came from a noble family (favored liberal ideas); would do anything to reach his goal (determined, crafty, flexible); practical politician; believed in Realpolitik

• Wanted a monarchy (wanted it, called the brains) 

• Wanted to improve Sardinia 

  • Build railroads, improve agriculture, support free trade 

• Helps out Saradinia 

Giuseppe Garibaldi

a nationalist & ally to Mazzini; wanted to create an Italian republic 

• Wanted a republic 

• The battle of Sicily (battle of the red shirts)

  • Recruited 1000 volunteers to conquer Sicily (succeeded)

  • Volunteers wore red shirts 

• Cavour was alarmed by Garibaldi success → Cavour sent soldiers to check on Garibaldi (backfired bc soldiers joined Garibaldi's efforts)

• Divided the land (Naples + Sicily was given to Emmanuel)

Multinational Empire

the land controlled is spread out, across into other countries

Sultans

 the rulers of the Ottoman Empire

“Sick Man of Europe”

the representation of everyone wanting to break away front eh Ottoman empire since it was crumbling

“Balkan Powder Keg”:

a map that between Austria and the Ottoman Empire —> WWI starts there

Ottoman Empire Problems

• Had unsuccessful war 

  • Lost land 

  • OvOverextended

  • Wars ❌

  • Lack of modernization

  • Land ❌

  • Ethnic groups

  • Poor corrupt leaders

  Big failure → “Sick man of Europe”

  • Everyone wants to break away from the empire

  
  

  “Balkan Powder Keg”

  • A map between Austria & Ottoman Empire

  • When it all explodes 

Hapsburgs

the ruling family of the dynasty 

Multinational Empire

the land controlled is spread out, across into other countries 

Hungarian nationalism

the pride that hungarian feels for their nation → the combining of Hungary and ottoman empire helps improve this

Dual monarchy

Francis Joseph created this in order to give the Ottoman’s a chance to live + build up their own nation

Austrian Empire Problems

• Rivals with other powers

• Nationalism increased, Ethnic groups feel unrepresented

• Calls for constitution

• Government is unable to make change

• Reforms ❌❌

Quick fix → Establish Dual Monarchy (combined with Hungary)

• “Invincible & Inseparable”

• Stay together until WW1

• Multinational Empire: Lots of Ethnic Groups