Big test Biological bases

Acetolycholine

muscule contration and brain activity

Too much Acetolycholine

violent compulsives

Too little Acetolycholine

memeory and brain trouble/ possible alzhemier’s

Endorphines 

natural opiates(postworkout)

Dopamine

learning emotion attention movement and pleasure

Too much Dopamine

schitozophrenia 

Too little Dopamine

parkisons disorder

Serotion 

mood hunger sleep arousal digestion

too little Serotion

depression

Norepinephrine

alterness and arousal

Glutamate

learning memory mood regualtion

GABA

reduces numeral excitability calms stress and fear

Substance P

pain heartbeat breathing vomiting

what is the Brain stem?

where spinal cord enters the skull it is the crossover point (left and right brain)

medulla

where the spinal cord swells sloghtly deals with heartbeat and breathing

pons

where spinal cord swells alot helps codinate movement (is the bridge to the cerebellum)

What is the midbrain?

Helps “presort“ vison, hearing and motorcontrol also contributes to sleep and wakefulness.

What is the Rectuiclar Formation?

runs from base of skull up to thalamus also helps control wakefulness (sleep vs. arousal)

what is the Cereabellum?

Behind the Brain stem codrnates voluntary movement and balance if damaged touyble walking, staying upright etc. muscular learning and memory dealt here LIL BRAIN (remebrs injury and stops body (Box jump girl)

Conciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our surroundings

Freuds Ice berg theory

dimmer switch tip of ice berg is concoisu once we reach under the water we become less and aless concious

Circadian Rythmn

biological day clock out bodies have a biological pattern of sleep and wakefulness effects our body temp, moods, breathing, etc

Basics of Sleep cycle

each cycle is 90 minutes long was discovered by tracking the brains acticy while alseep slow alpha waves

Stage 1/ NREM 1

2-3 min of light sleep brain waves and breathing slow hallucinations may occur hypnotic jerk often occurs

Hypnotic Jerk

a body quake realeses any excess energy

Stage 2/NREM 2

20 min long you are clearly alseep happens on the way to rem sleep and waking up from rem sleep we experience sleep spindlesmay experience sleep talking

Sleep spindles

burts of brain activity

Stage 3 & 4/ NREM 3

about 3 min long stage 3 is a short trnasiont to stage 4 which is deep sleep Show Delta waves(deep sleepprocesses some stimuli but no alot, may sleep walk)

rem sleep

stage 2 happens again before this rapid eye movement occurs 5-20 min long eyes rapidly moving signifies dreaming is happening your heart rate increases and breathing and may cause genital arousal

Repeat

stage 4 and 3 get shorter and rem becomes longer

Sleep depervation

lack of sleep impacts a person and builds up sleep debt, can experience sleep debt for up to two weeks you lack creativty and conceentractio

what is the Thamalus?

top of the spinal cord senorsy switchboard receive short incoming and outgoing messages.

Amygdala

at the end of the hippocampus deals with aggression and fear (raw emtion)

Hypothalamus

Below the thalamus delas with jhunger,thrist,body temp, sex drive, etc. controala hormons autonomic nervous system pleasure and reward centers located heremay lead to addiction

Pituitray gland

MASTER GLAND, works in response to hypothalamus

Hippocampus

deals with memory most amniesa is a result of damage to the hippocmapus processes most memoires “the hippo who couldn't find campus“

Corpus Callosum

thick bundle of fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the Brain

Cerebal cortex

Layered and organized structure that supports the role of complex thinking,behavior, and perception

glial cells

vital cells help with neruson communication

prefrontal cortex

helps to control and regulalate higher level cognitive functions in front above eyes

Parietal lobes

Parietal lobes

Somatosnsory cortex

a region of the cerebral cortex in the parietal lobe that processes sensory information from the body, including touch, temperature, pain, and body position

Occiptuial lobes

the brain's primary visual processing center, located at the back of the head.the brain's primary visual processing center, located at the back of the head.

Visual cortex

the part of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

Temporal lobes

audiotory processing of launuage, memory and emotion

Auditory cortex

processes and interprets what is heard

Depressants

alchol barbiurates opiates

Stimulants 

Caffine nicotine

Halluciantions

lsd PCP

Skeletal ns

controls voluntary movement

Automatic ns

contorls “automaitic“ bodily fluids

sympatheic ns 

prepares for action fight or flight

parasympathetic ns

consrves energy and calms us down

Important hormones

ephierphine melatonin oxytocin

EEG

brain wave recordings(electrical activity recorded)

CAT/CT scan

x ray (shows structure very well)

PET scan

injected with radioactive glucose measure glucose by nuerson creating a colorful image

MRI

giant magnet and radio waves line up (you cant move )

FMRI

repeated MRI pic of one specific area 

Brain plasticity

The brain has the ability to require to some extent recover

Neurogenisis

The brain can produce new brain cells but at a very slow rate

left hemisphere

Reading writing speaking, logic handles right side of body and right be division more active considered the dominant hemisphere

Right hemisphere

Perception reasoning, creativity deals with left side of body deals with left side of vision, less active, and considered the quiet hemisphere

Insomnia 

toruble falling or staying aslee

Narcolepsy

overhwelming sleepiness that cant be stopped 

Sleep Apnea

stop breathing while sleeping

Night terrors

high levels of movemnt and nosie that may impact sleep

Rem sleep behavior disorder

physically and vocally acting out your dreams

Somnambulism

chronic sleepwalking can lead to danger of the person

Manifest Content

what actually happened in our dreams, dreams seen as outlet for all bad

latent content

what dreams mean

consolidation theory

your dreams are you processing memories

Snsation

detecting stmilui and encoding neural signals such as feeling and senses an object

perception

organzing and processing sentations understandign them

Bottom up 

senory info to Brain and then processing aka going in nuetral

Top down

preconviced ideas aka thinking you will or will not like something

Selective attention

At any one time we can focus consciousness awareness on selective stimuli, genuinely at the other expense

Subliminal messages

Subliminal means below threshold line they can detect to some degree but not all I think. Did you see the gorilla?

Difference threshold or just noticeable difference

Minimal difference needed to detect the difference between the two stimuli about 50% of the time

Webber’s Law

The portion of the stimuli, one out of 10 verses 10 out of 100

Sensory adaptation

Decreasing sensitivity to constant stimuli

Sensory restriction

One cents gone, others are heightened

Cornea

Outer covering protection for the eyeball

Pupil

Opening of the eyeball, the black part

Iris

Colored muscle in the eye controls the pupil

Lens

Focuses light raises on the retina

Accommodation

Changing the curvature to focus

Nearsighted

Light from far away hits in front of the retina

Farsighted

Light from nearby focuses behind the retina

Retina

Surface lining of back of eyeball think of screen

Rods

Control, black and white colors along with outlines

Cones

Color detail may have its own bipolar cells

Rods and cones activate

Bipolar cells

Bipolar cells activate

Ganglion cells

Blindspot

Where optic nerve leaves the eye carrying to the brain

fovea

Area of central focus on the retina only has cones

Sound waves

Molecules of air bumping into each other

Amplitude

Loudness of decibels measure of sound energy

The outer ear consist of

The auditory and canal eardrum