Video Notes: Evidence-Based Practice, Hierarchy of Evidence, GI Disorders, Fractures, PUD, and IBD - Vocabulary Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering evidence-based practice, evidence levels, orthopedic injuries, fractures, fat embolism, PUD, appendicitis, cholelithiasis, and inflammatory bowel disease (UC/CD) based on the provided lecture notes.

Evidence-based practice

An approach that integrates the best external evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values to guide nursing care.

Five steps of evidence-based practice

Ask a clear question; Acquire evidence; Appraise evidence; Apply findings; Assess outcomes.

Ask a clear question

Step in EBP; define patient issue and ultimate goal to guide evidence search.

Acquire evidence

Systematically search legitimate sources for relevant clinical articles.

Appraise evidence

Evaluate validity, quality, and relevance of gathered resources.

Apply evidence

Integrate evidence with nursing expertise and patient preferences in decision-making.

Assess outcomes

Evaluate effectiveness of practice change and its applicability to other patients.

Level I

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Level II

Well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Level III

Controlled trials without randomization.

Level IV

Cohort and case-control studies.

Level V

Systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies.

Level VI

Single descriptive or qualitative studies.

Level VII

Opinions of authorities or expert committees.

PURPLE

Top-tier evidence; highest level in the hierarchy (often Level I).

CAUTI

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection.

VAP

Ventilator-associated pneumonia.

CLABSI

Central line-associated bloodstream infection.

Hand hygiene

Practice of cleaning hands to prevent infections in health care.

DVT

Deep vein thrombosis; clot in a deep vein with signs like calf pain, swelling, redness, warmth; prevention includes early ambulation, compression, anticoagulants.

Avascular necrosis

Death of bone tissue due to lack of blood supply (osteonecrosis).

Extracapsular fracture

Fracture outside the hip joint capsule, often in the trochanteric region; can involve significant blood loss.

Intracapsular fracture

Fracture of the femoral head/neck within the hip joint capsule; risk to femoral head blood supply.

Intertrochanteric fracture

Fracture between the neck and the lesser/greater trochanter.

Subtrochanteric fracture

Fracture immediately below the lesser trochanter.

Fat embolism

Fat droplets entering the bloodstream after long bone/pelvic fractures; triad: respiratory distress, neuro changes, petechial rash.

Compartment syndrome

Emergency condition with increased pressure in a muscle compartment; fasciotomy may be needed.

Fasciotomy

Surgical release of fascia to relieve high pressure in a compartment.

McBurney’s point

RLQ point used to localize appendicitis symptoms.

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix; periumbilical pain migrating to RLQ; risk of rupture.

Appendectomy

Surgical removal of the appendix; often performed laparoscopically (lap appy).

Cholelithiasis

Gallstones within the biliary tract; risk factors and biliary colic symptoms.

Lap chole

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; surgical removal of the gallbladder.

Ursodiol

Oral dissolution therapy for cholesterol gallstones in selected patients.

Lithotripsy

Procedure to break up stones (e.g., gallstones or kidney stones).

Percutaneous drainage

Drainage through the skin; used for high-risk patients or abscesses.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

Ulceration in GI tract due to mucosal erosion from acid-pepsin; common in stomach/duodenum.

H. pylori

Helicobacter pylori infection linked to PUD and gastritis.

NSAIDs

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, reducing mucosal protection and increasing ulcer risk.

Corticosteroids

Steroids that increase ulcer risk, especially when used with NSAIDs.

Anticoagulants/antiplatelets

Drugs that impair clotting; can worsen bleeding risk in ulcers.

SSRIs

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; may increase bleeding risk with NSAIDs/anticoagulants.

Bisphosphonates

Oral osteoporosis drugs that can irritate gastric mucosa.

Acetaminophen

Pain/fever relief safer than NSAIDs for patients with PUD risk.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

Drugs that reduce gastric acid production; promote ulcer healing.

H2 blockers

Histamine-2 receptor antagonists; giảm acid production; support ulcer healing.

Topical NSAIDs

NSAIDs applied to skin with lower systemic GI risk.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Umbrella term for chronic inflammatory bowel disorders, including UC and Crohn’s disease.

Ulcerative Colitis (UC)

Chronic mucosal inflammation of the colon/rectum; continuous from rectum; bloody diarrhea; risk of colon cancer.

Crohn’s disease (CD)

Transmural inflammation that can affect anywhere in GI tract; skip lesions; fistulas; terminal ileum/colon commonly involved.

Skip lesions

Discontinuous areas of inflammation separated by normal tissue (typical of Crohn’s).

Transmural disease

Inflammation that extends through the entire thickness of the bowel wall.

Continuous from rectum

UC pattern of inflammation starting at the rectum and extending proximally without skip lesions.

Granular cobblestone mucosa

Endoscopic appearance of Crohn’s disease with patchy inflammation and fissures.

Toxic megacolon

Severe complication of IBD with colonic dilation and systemic toxicity.

Sclerosing cholangitis

Chronic liver disease due to inflammation/scarring of bile ducts; associated with UC.

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA)

Surgical creation of a pouch from ileum connected to the anus after colectomy for UC.

Colorectal cancer (in IBD)

Increased long-term risk of colon cancer, especially with UC.