Jewish Groups Religion

Pharisees

Religious leaders and interpreters of the Law who emphasized strict observance of both written and oral Torah, believed in resurrection, and sought social reform. Often in conflict with Jesus.

Sadducees

Wealthy, aristocratic Jews who only followed the written Torah, rejected resurrection and angels, controlled the Temple and priesthood, and often collaborated with Roman authorities.

Scribes

Trained scholars and professional copyists of the Law, serving as secretaries and interpreters for Pharisees and other groups. Frequently opposed Jesus in the Gospels.

Essenes

A separatist group living in cloistered communities near the Dead Sea, practicing fasting, meditation, and strict adherence to Scripture; politically non-cooperative with Romans.

Levites

Members of the tribe of Levi, responsible for overseeing the tabernacle and Temple worship; the priestly class of Israel.

Samaritans

People from Samaria, culturally and religiously distinct from Jews, worshipping God on Mount Gerizim rather than Jerusalem; often despised by Jews.

Zealots

A militant Jewish group who sought the violent overthrow of Roman rule in Israel.