Urban World, Test 2

Where is the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area? What does it encompass?

North Texas, Stretches from Dallas to FW + surrounding suburbs

What are some differences between Dallas and Fort Worth

Dallas

• DART

• global community

• history -JFK

• "cowboys" - culture/athletics

• "Dallas" show

Fort Worth

•slower paced/small town feel

•"Cowboys and culture" -stockyards

•TCU

What is a suburb? What are some characteristics of suburbs?

more of a cultural/ideological space within a metropolitan area that is more residential than commercial (supports a city)

What is a streetcar suburb? Why is it named as such? What do streetcar suburbs tend to look like?

a residential community whose growth and development was strongly shaped by the use of streetcar lines as a primary means of transportation.

Grid plan, compact,

How, and why, did metropolitan areas expand so dramatically after World War II?

millions of returning men wanting to settle down and have families

What did post-war suburbs look like?

Levittowns

What are "Levittowns?"

mass production of suburban infrastructure; cheap housing in rows (cookie cutter)

What government policies contributed to suburbanization during this period?

Federal Housing Administration that provided federally insured low interest mortgages

How have cities in the DFW metro area grown over the past few decades?

some very large, significant growth

Where has this growth taken place?

Fort Worth, Frisco, McKinney, Dallas

What is the "American Dream?"

To make money and have a good life and good job

What does the "American Dream" look like? What stereotypes does it embody?

• Racially homogeneous

• Fueled capitalism/self-sufficiency/individualism against communism

• Facilitated by interstate highway systems

• Suburbs became a status/ideological symbol of American Capitalism

How do race and gender factor into the American Dream?

More white and more stereotypical gender roles (women clean, men grill)

How is the American Dream associated with urban space in the United States?

The "typical" American family is very 1950s

o leisure time at house (has a yard)

In what ways is 20th-century American suburbanization associated with Cold War geopolitics?

suburbanization was seen as a sort of representation of anti-communism; idea of family as core unit

o "Kitchen debate": Moscow 1959 where Nixon was VP and it was a showcase of American life to Russians and they had a model American kitchen and house and that lead to a debate of utility of that sort of development and amenities

What is an "edge city?" What are their characteristics?

• refers to a concentration of business and office space in an area that was previously undeveloped or residential

Where are "edge cities" located in the DFW metropolitan area?

Las Colinas, Plano, Frisco, Irving

Where are corporate headquarters located within the DFW metropolitan area? What is the corporate geography of the region?

Dallas, Plano, Irving (in areas that would be considered more suburban) and things are a bit more spread out

Where do jobs tend to be located within DFW? What types of jobs are located in different types of areas?

Spread out into different cores of Dallas, FW and surrounding cities. Mainly professional services in main hubs but healthcare and manufacturing is more spread out

Among large US metropolitan areas, which have the greatest proportion of commuters driving alone to work? In which metropolitan areas is public transportation most prevalent?

driving alone: Indianapolis, Detroit, Kansas City, St. Louis

Public transport: NYC, San Francisco, Washington, Boston

How is automobility linked with suburbanization in the United States? What impacts has automobility had on American cities?

• demolished and isolated neighborhoods

• urban life is centered around car

• pollution in cities

• gave people a way out of cities (to suburbs)

• required demolition of many houses (many were poor and minorities)

• also used to get military places quickly

• economic benefit of transportation

Where is the Detroit metropolitan area? What does it encompass?

The city of Detroit; northern Michigan around the great lakes

Historically, what factors contributed to the growth of Detroit?

• originally land of Native Americans

• Then occupied by French Settlers

• by rivers for shipping channels

• Then auto/manufacturing

Who is Henry Ford? What impact did he have on Detroit?

Developed assembly lines and settled in Detroit then moved his manufacturing to suburbs

How has Detroit's population changed over time? When did it peak?

Fast growth Peak in 1950 --> 1, 849, 568 to Since 1950 has significantly declined 2016 (672, 795)

What is the "Great Migration?"

Jim Crow laws toward blacks and widespread lynching in South so many African Americans moved to northern cites

What are some of the factors that influenced the Great Migration?

Jim Crow, racism, and violence

Who participated in the Great Migration?

African Americans

Where did migrants in the Great Migration tend to resettle?

North

How did the geography of the African-American population in the United States change during the 20th century?

blacks used to be almost entirely in south and they began moving north and west

What is segregation?

the geographical separation of two or more groups of people in a given space

How does "sorting" influence segregation?

NO IDEA???

How does "discrimination" influence segregation?

discrimination can influence segregation because if people dont want to associate with a group of people they may send them out or the group of people may leave and not feel welcome.

What government policies influenced racial segregation in the United States? In Detroit?

HOLC, Jim Crow, redlining, rating neighborhoods

What is the HOLC, and what was its ratings system?

guidelines for which areas should be prioritized for loans and was taken up by Federal Housing Association and gave them ratings

What is "redlining" and how is it related to segregation within cities?

outlining areas on map that is the delineation of specific areas of the city that are unsuitable for investment and these government mortgages

What factors influenced HOLC's ratings system?

The rating was primarily a function of neighborhood racial and ethnic makeup, housing conditions, and access to public facilities, among other factors. Ratings assigned to neighborhoods included: "A-Best", "B-Still Desirable", "C-Definitely Declining", and "D-Hazardous".

Restrictive covenants in context of segregation

language in deed of house that prevents house from being sold to particular person (ex. used against black people)

Blockbusting in context of segregation

people knocking on doors and staying stuff like I heard black people are moving into this neighborhoods and says to sell now then may flip and sell houses to black people at higher price

Racial Steering in context of segregation

relators telling people "oh black people live there" and steering people away from a particular type of neighborhood

Fair Housing Act in context of segregation

civil rights movement prohibited discriminatory practices

White flight in context of segregation

abandoning cities by white people as African Americans moved in

How did the racial geography of Detroit's population shift over the course of the 20th century?

it went from predominately white to predominately black

What does Detroit's racial geography look like now?

Blacks centered at middle of city with whites further out; very segregated

What is 8 Mile Road in Detroit? Why is it significant?

wall constructed to separate races to allow for non-risky white mortgages to not be put to risk by bordering black community

• There to separate the races (1941) so the federal gov. would approve a housing project for white families

What is the Rust Belt? Where is it located?

old manufacturing core of US in early 20th century (Midwest/Northeast)

What are the "Big 3" automobile companies in the US, and why are they significant to Detroit?

Ford, GM, Chrysler

• Detroit is the automobile industry center

How has manufacturing employment changed in the US since 2000? In Michigan?

It has been increasing again in both US and Michigan

What is the Packard Automobile Plant in Detroit? What does it represent to Detroit residents?

• Some people see it as very artsy

• Others see it as a threat to public safety

• Some see it as a future of nothing

• It has value as being a plant back in the day

• loss of history or symbol of history

• some people rather see it demolished than in the state it is now

In what ways does Detroit represent the "Great Divergence" discussed earlier this semester in the context of the Bay Area?

• Detroit has the lowest rate of marriage and highest rate of divorce

-no creative class talent

-no new businesses or companies

-manufacturing mostly in rust belt

What is "urban blight?" How does this manifest itself in the context of Detroit?

"diseased" areas that spread to other areas so they are being torn down

How is Detroit's population growing or declining today in different parts of the city?

very variable, inner part of city is growing while much of surrounding right is declining and left side is some declining and some growing

What are the largest metropolitan areas in Canada? How does this compare to the United States?

1. Toronto

2. Montreal

3. Vancouver

-all near the border

-Mass immigration to major cities much like US

Where is the Vancouver area? Why is it significant?

-located on the west coast just above Washington

-shares the same culture as Oregon an Washington (called cascadia)

-Huge shipping port

-IT hub

-One of the most expensive cities to live in

What is the immigrant composition of the US? Of Canada?

In 2013, the U.S. was around 14 percent foreign-born; Canada, 21 percent

What countries send the most immigrants to Canada? How has this changed over time?

• Top 10: China, India, UK, Philippines, US, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Pakistan

-immigration from asian countries has boomed over the last 20 years

Push factors in context of migration

motivates someone to leave place (war, conflict, economics)

Pull factors in context of migration

motivates some to come to a place (jobs, safety, family)

Transnationalism in context of migration

: living in two places at once (involved in two places, not necessarily physically) ex. Remittances: send money back home

Migration networks in context of migration

People from the same place move to a place causing a link between the two places

Chain migration in context of migration

people coming from the same places migrate the same way and to the same places as the networks from their old country

How are Canada's cities changing due to immigration?

-Immigrants clustering together and becoming exclusive

-Ethnoburbs developing (areas with predominately an ethic group but looks just like a suburb

ethic enclave in a suburb)

-up housing costs

What is an immigrant enclave? What functions do enclaves provide? Why do immigrants settle in enclaves?

-Immigrant people groups concentrated together in communities

-allow for people to not have to adapt to a new culture/language

-settle in these areas to take advantage of migration networks (chain migration)

How is the ethnic Chinese population distributed around the Vancouver area?

Metro Vancouver has the biggest proportion of residents — 25 per cent — who speak neither English nor French in their homes, with the largest group of them speaking a Chinese "immigrant language,"; they all live in regions and neighborhoods together

What is a "Chinatown?" What does it represent?

is an ethnic enclave of Chinese or Han people located outside mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan, most often in an urban setting.

What is an "ethnoburb?" What does it represent?

-areas with predominately an ethic group but looks just like a suburb

-ethic enclave in a suburb

How does a "Chinatown" differ from an "ethnoburb?"

chinatowns are not in suburban neighborhoods and do not commute to a business district

In what ways has Chinese immigration been controversial in the Vancouver area? Why is this the case?

-raised cost of living

-housing options used as seasonal property for Chinese

-exclusive communities

-communication barriers

Where is the Montreal metropolitan area? Why is it significant?

-borders the US near new england (very close)

-makes it almost like a half american half french city

In what ways is religion significant to the organization of cities? Can you give an example?

Montreal:

Anglo-protestant elite

- In political and economic control

- Live in Westmount, uphill suburbs

French & Irish Catholics

- Form most of the city's working class

- Live in "the city below the hill"

What is the linguistic geography of Canada? How are different language-speakers distributed around the country?

Mostly english throughout the country but some concentrated areas of french speakers in the Quebec province towards the east

How does the geography of French and English speakers differ in Montreal?

-majority french in montreal

-north=more french

-south=more english

What is Quebec's Official Language Act?

-names french as quebec's official language and attempts to preserve it as a french speaking province

What are the Parti Québécois and Bloc Québécois? Why are they significant for Quebec?

-political parties that advocate quebec's succession from Canada

-create a cultural seperation between quebec and the rest of canada

In what ways is French significant to the identity of Quebec residents? Why is this the case?

-french speaking culture sets quebec from the rest of canada

-because its the only province that still has a french speaking majority

In what ways is language a controversial topic in Montreal/Quebec? Why is this the case?

-overprotective of its preservation, causing disputes over how companies and products are presented in the area

-against all other languages

-clear divide between language groups

Where is the Mexico City metropolitan area? What does it encompass?

Mexico City plus the border cities that are arriving

In what ways is Mexico City significant to Mexico?

Political, economic, population and cultural center of Mexico

How is Mexico City historically significant?

Tenochtitlan: Aztec city founding around 1300s and was most powerful location within empire until Cortez took it down (around where Mexico City is)

How would you explain the Latin American city model?

• CBD in the center

• Stable commercial and residential cuture around CBD

• Elite sector from CBD

• Impoverished on the fringes of city (the slums)

• Elite sectors and slums often border one another

(see picture on ppt)

How does the Latin American city model compare to North American city models?

Bordering of elites and squatters settlements, less concentric

How have the world's urban and rural populations shifted over time? How has this played out in Latin America?

Overall world is more urban and Latin America is 79.5% urban

What is a megacity?

urban agglomerations of 10 million people or more

Why have megacities grown?

Because of rural-urban mirgration

What are the megacities in Latin America? How have they grown over time?

Mexico City, Sao Paolo, Rio, Buenos Aires, Bogota, Lima

grown alot and fast

Why would people leave rural areas for cities? Why, in particular, might they do this in Latin America?

- opportunities economically

- change in farming

- people go to the slums in attempt to build their dream of having a house

- See it as a way for upward mobility

Primary sector

extractive industries (ex. from ground, agriculture, livestock, coal)

Secondary sector

making something out of raw materials

Tertiary sector

service sector

Quaternary sector

working with new technologies (ex. software developer)

How has manufacturing output changed in Mexico in the past three decades?

• manufacturing and services have gone up dramatically in Mexico

How has sector employment changed in Mexico since 1990?

Sharp service sector growth and medium industry growth and agriculture decline

What is NAFTA?

Why was NAFTA enacted? What does it do?

to eliminate tariffs and have free trade within N. America

What impacts has NAFTA had on the Mexican economy?

Overall incomes went up

What impacts has NAFTA had on population shifts within Mexico and beyond?

-Caused many to move to US

- Caused many to move to cities

How, and where, has Mexico City's urban area expanded over time?

Grown from a strong center out

Where have many rural migrants settled in the Mexico City area? What do these settlements look like?

Informal settlements

What is the Santa Fe region of Mexico City, and why is it significant?

Santa Fe consists mainly of highrise buildings surrounding a large shopping mall, which is currently the largest mall in Latin America (Centro Comercial Santa Fe). The district also includes a residential area and three college campuses, among other facilities

What are informal settlements? What are their characteristics?

not really regulated in the settlements and like no would care if you didn't mow your law

What is the UN definition of a slum?

households lacking one or more of the following:

• Access to improved water source

• Access to improved sanitation facilities

• Sufficient living area

• Housing durability

• Security of tenure