patho lab final

Normal Mitosis

Normal Mitosis

normal mitosis 

normal mitosis 

Abnormal mitosis

Normal mitosis

Abnormal mitosis

Psudostratified columinar epithelium

Metaplasia of stratified squamous epithelium 

Dysplasia 

Dysplastic features: 
Irregular stratification 
loss of polarity

hyperchromasia 

nuclear and cellular pleomorphism 

Dysplasia 

Dysplastic signs:
Irregular stratification 

loss of polarity 

hyperchromasia 

nucleaur and cellular pleomorphism

Dysplasia 

—> normal stratified squamous epithelium 

—> Dysplasia 

Dysplastic signs 

irregular stratification 

nuclear and cellular pleomorphism 

hyperchromasia 

loss of polarity 

abnormal mitotic features

abnormal mitosis
arrow= normal 

abnormal mitosis

abnormal mitosis 
down= normal 

cellular and nuclear pleomorphism 

abnormal mitotic figures

1- abnormal mitotic figure
2- chromatin clumping 

3- nuclear pleomorphism 

4- increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio

1- Nuclear pleomorphism 
2- abnormal mitotic figure 

3- tumor giant cell 

4- tumor giant cell

1- Tumor giant cell 

2- Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism
3- Tumor giant cell

1- renal tumor 

2- Normal kidney 

1- Normal Lung

2- Lung Metastasis 

1- Bone Tumor 

2- Normal bone 

1- Normal Liver

2- Liver Metastasis

1- Bone Tumor

2- Normal Bone 

1-normal liver 

2- Liver metastases 

1- Normal Skin

2- Melanoma

1- Normal Tongue 

2- Carcinoma 

1- Normal Liver

2- Hepatocellular Carcinoma 

1- Tumor

1- Mandible 

1- Tumor 

2- Mandible 

1- Blood vessel

2- Vascular invasion 

1- Malignant Tumor

2- Vascular invasion

Malignant Tumor 

Vascular invasion 

1- Malignant Tumor

2- Vascular invasion

Squamous cell carcinoma

1- Squamous epithelium 

2- Ivasion of Tumor to CT 

3- Tumor island with keratin pearl 

normal lymph node

Lymph node w metastases 

1- squmous cell carcinoma island 

2- normal myphoid tissue 

Keratomalacia

—> lack of vitamim A 

—> extreme dyness of eyes and clouding of cornea 

Bitot spots 

• foamy white grey spots form on the conjunctiva of the eye, the white part 

Bitot spots

• are foamy white grey spots that form on the conjuctiva of the eye, the white part 

Vitamin A deficiency

1- normal alveoli 

2- Squamous metaplasia 

Normal alveoli epithelium replaced by squamous epithelim which cant help gas exchange 

Vitamin A deficiency

1- squamous metaplasia 

pseudostratified ciliated columnar —> squamous 

loss of infection:

1- Loss of cilia: Without cilia, the epithelium can no longer sweep mucus and trapped microbes out of the airway.

2- Impaired mucociliary clearance: Goblet cell function is disrupted, so mucus isn’t produced or moved properly. Mucus and debris accumulate, allowing pathogens to multiply and cause infection.

Protein Deficiency - Kwashiorkor

1- odema of the face 

2- odema of the stomach

3- No muscle wasting 

Calories Deficiency - Maramus

1- Muscle wasting 

2- Prominent ribs 

Rickets 

• Vitamin D / Calcium deficiency

1- Bowing of legs 

2- Knock Knees 

3- Knock Knees

4- Bowing of legs

Rickets 

• vitamin D deficiency

1- Harrison Sulcus / Harrison groove 

• an indentation of the chest roughly along the 6th rib 

• unusally bilateral but can occus as unilateral 

Rickets (Vitamin D deficiency)

Craniotabes: Softening in certain area of the skull 

Rickets

 

Pigeon chest: As the soft ribs are pulled inward, the breastbone (sternum) is pushed forward, causing it to stick out and creating the characteristic "pigeon chest" appearance.

Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)

Scrobutic gingivitis 

Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)

Scrobutic gingivitis 

Scurvey (vitamin K deficiency)

Ecchymosis

Vitamin A and D deficiency 
Enamel hypoplasia

Vitamin A and D deficiency 
Enamel hypoplasia

Hypocalcemic tetany

• Trousseasu sign

• carpopedal spasm: An involuntary contraction of the muscles in the hand and wrist

hypocalcemic tetany 

• chvostek sign

• twitching of the facial muscle in response to a light tap on the facial nerve, located just in front of the ear 

Angular chellitis

glossitis 

• vitamin b1 b2 deficiency 

B9 / b12 deficiency

beefy red tongue

Pallor 

iron deficiency anemia 

Pallor

iron deficiency anemia 

Megaloblastic anemia 

hypersegmented neutrophil 

macrocytes 

megaloblastic anemia 

Hypersegmented neutrophil 

macrocytes

Normal lung 
—> alveoli 

Pulmonary oedema 
—> alveolar spaces filled with hematogenous eosinophili susbtace = edematoeuos fluid 

1- oedematous fluid 

Pulmonary odema

—> alveolar spaces filled with hematogenous esinophilic substance = edematous fluid 

1- oedematous fluid 

Cerebral infract (early stages)

Cerebral infract 

cerebral infract

myocardial infract (early stages)

normal heart muscle

Mycardial infract 

1- ischemic necrosis

Myocardial infract early stages 

Myocardial infract

green = early infract 

black = late collagenized infract 

Thrombosis 

1- thrombus inside blood vessel

Thrombosis

1- blood vessel

2- thrombus inside blood vessel 

Pulmonary fat embolism

1- normal alveoli

2-  fat emboli 

3- vessel wall 

Pulmonary throbuboemboli 

1- normal alveoli
2- thrombus emboli 

3- vessel wall 

pedal odema 

Pulmonary throboemboli

1- normal alveoli

2- thrombus emboli 

3- vessel wall

1- fat emboli 

2- vessel wall 

cerebral infract

thrombus

cynosis 

• increased amount of deoxygenated blood due to obstruction of veins

Hyperemia

• increased oxygented blood flow due to dialation of arteries or arteriols 

Pulmonary congestion 

1- dialted and congested blood vessel 

2- alveoli 

Lymph node congestion 

1- congested and dialated blood vessels 

1- purpura 

2- petechiae 

oral hematoma * swelling 1 day duration due to truma 

Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis

• primary infection of herpes simplex virus 1 

• affect children 

acute herpetic stomatitis 

• primary infection of herpes simplex virus 1 

• affect children 

Herpes libialis

• secondary infection of herpes simplex virus 1 

• mostly in adults