HumanA&P 9: Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral Girdle

• Consists of:

  • Scapulae

  • Clavicles

• Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton

• Attachment sites for muscles

Upper Limb

• Arm

  • Humerus

• Forearm

  • Radius & ulna

• Hand

  • 8 Carpal wrist bones

  • 5 Metacarpal palm bones

  • 14 phalanges

Pelvic Gridle

• Hip girdle

  • 2 Coxal bones & sacrum

• Functions:

  • Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton

  • Transmit weight

  • Support organs

• Coxal bone = 3 fused bones:

  • Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

• Acetabulum is femur socket

Lower Limb

• Femur

• Tibia, Fibula

• Feet Bones

Clavicle

• Sternal end articulates with sternum medially

• Acromial end articulates laterally with scapula

• Anchor muscle & act as braces

Scapulae

• 3 Borders:

  • Superior

  • Medial

  • Lateral

• 3 Angles:

  • Superior

  • Lateral

  • Inferior

Humerus

• Upper arm bone

• Articulates with:

  • Glenoid cavity & scapula

  • radius & ulna

• Consists of:

  • Head: proximal end

  • Anatomical neck: constriction inferior to head

  • Greater Tubercle: rotator cuff attachment sites

    • Greater tubercle, lesser sulcus

  • Surgical Neck: most frequently fractured

  • Deltoid Tuberosity: site of delt attachment

  • Radial Groove: radial nerve

  • Trochlea: distal hourglass condyle

  • Capitulum: distal ball-shaped condyle

  • Medial & Lateral Epicondyles

  • Medial & Lateral Supracondyle Ridges

  • Fossae: coronoid, olecranon, radial

Forearm

• Bones: radius & ulna

• Articulate together at radioulnar joint

• Articulate distally with carpal bones

• Interosseous membrane: connects both bones

3 Parts of the Hand

1. Carpus (wrist)

2. Metacarpus (palm)

3. Phalanges

Carpus

• Wrist bones

• 8 bones in 2 rows of 4

• Proximal row: lateral - medial

  • Scaphoid

  • Lunate

  • Triquetrum

  • Pisiform

• Distal Row: lateral - medial

  • Trapezium

  • Trapezoid

  • Capitate

  • Hamate

Metacarpus

• Palm bones

• 5 bones numbered 1-5 starting at thumb

  • Bases articulate with carpals

  • Head articulate with phalanges

Phalanges

• Fingers 1-5 starting with thumb (pollex)

• Pollex has 2 bones, no middle phalanx

• 2-5 have distal, middle & proximal phalanx

Carpal Bones Pneumonic

Medial - Lateral

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Pelvic Girdle Bones

• Ilium

  • Superior region

  • Articulates with sacrum

• Ischium

  • Posteroinferior part of hip bone

• Pubis

  • Anterior portion of hip bone

  • Joins at pubic symphysis joint

Male vs. Female Pelvis

3 Segments of Lower Limb

1. Thigh

2. Leg

3. Foot

Femur

• Largest/strongest bone

• Articulates with acetabulum in pelvis

• Contains:

  • Neck

  • Head

  • Greater & lesser trochanter

  • Medial & lateral epicondyles & condyles

Patella

• Kneecap

• Articulates with patellar surface on femur

• Sesamoid bone

• Contains:

  • Base: proximal end

  • Apex: distal end

Tibia & Fibula

• Articulates with femur, each other, & tarsal bones

• Tibia is primary weight bearer. Fibula 1/6 of tibia

3 Parts of the Foot

1. Tarsus

2. Metatarsus

3. Phalanges

Metatarsals

• Bones 1-5 from hallux

Tarsals

• 7 bones form posterior half

  • Talus

  • Calcaneus

  • Cuboid

  • Navicular

  • Medial, lateral & intermediate cuneiform

• Weight carried by talus & calcaneus

• Calcaneal tuberosity: part that touches the ground

• Sustentacular tali: supports talus

Foot Phalanges

• 14 bones of toes

• Hallux has no middle phalanx

• 2-5 have proximal, middle & distal phalanx

3 Arches of the Foot

• Transverse

  • runs obliquely across foot

• Longitudinal

  • low curve that elevates lateral foot

• Medal

  • arch curves upwards