FAJARDO - CHAPTER 1 and 2

PLUMBING and PLUMBING MATERIALS

_ is defined as the art and science of install- ing pipes,fixtures and other apparatus to convey and sup- ply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste water and other liquids, gases and other substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure the health and sanitation of life and property

Plumbing

The concept and importance of plumbing however, became more defined and appreciated only during the _civilization.

Greco-Roman

The Romans who considered daily bathing as a must, elevated bathing to the level of a daily ritual Their almost fanatical demand for a constant supply of clean water, found its expression in the ingenuity of the now famous _, a water system that continuously challenge the skill of the present crops of Engineers.

Roman Aqueduct

The word _ is a title given to a person who is skilled in the field of sanitation.

Plumber

word plumber was derived from the ancient Roman word _ which was taken from the Latin word Plumbum

plumbarius

_ refers to an individual who worked in the sanitary field of ancient Rome.

Plumbarius

_ on the other hand, meant lead. A metal used as plumbing material by the Romans,preferred for its twin properties of malleabil. ity and resistant to acid

Plumbum

The famous _ that brought about the disintegration and eventual collapse of the Roman Empire, hindered European progress in the field of plumbing and sanitation.

Goth invasion

It was only during the _ period when Europe was plagued with epidemics decimating almost a quarter of the population that interest in sanitation, i.e plumbing was again revived.

Renaissance

In the _, the English parliament passed the first plumbing apprentice law.

17th century

France followed suit in _ when it embarked in the building of water service facilities. The United States however, was a little slow to adopt the plumbing movement that was then sweeping the European continent because the US government concentrated its efforts in agricultural pursuit

18th century

Before the decades of the _, household plumbing installation was considered as a luxury item available only to the upper crust of the society. Majority of the population, aside from not being able to afford plumbing installation in their homes, where still unaware of the importance of sanitation facilities in the form of an efficient water supply and waste disposal system. Most of the households particularly in the rural areas, were adopting the indigenous and ingenious methods of water supply and waste disposal, unmindful of the ill effects brought about by poor sanitation.

40's

Plumbing has Two Main Objectives (2)

1. To supply water to different parts of the building

2. To remove and discharge human wastes and other substances out of building into the public sewer or septic tank

Conditions for an Effective Water Supply in Building (2)

1. To provide sufficient amount of water to supply each fixture

2. To prevent back flow of used water into the water supply system

The Drainage System should Accomplished the Following: (2)

1. Fast removal of the waste with a minimum probability of leakage and stoppage of drains.

2. To prevent the entry of house vermin and obnoxious gases into the house from the piping system

Mandatory Requirements for a Drainage System

All plumbing design and installations are governed by a set of rules and limitations prescribed by the National Plumbing Code, which provides that. "All drainage system must conform with a set of requirements enumerated as follows"

1. That, all pipe joints must be well _ connected with each other to prevent leakage of gas and liquid

2. That, the drainage pipe should be _ properly for a downward gravity flow of water towards the main sewer line or to the septic tank

3. That, the drainage pipe should be provided with adequate _, accessible for repair in case of stoppage

4. The drainage system must be provided with _ pipe that will convey gases to the atmosphere where it can do no harm to human health

5. That, except for water closet, each fixture shall be provided with suitable _that will prevent back flow of gases

6. That, the drainage system must be _, to avoid siphonage or back flow of the water seal.

1. fitted and tightly

2. graded or inclined

3. cleanout

4. ventilation

5. trap

6. vented

_ that is being discharged by water closet and

Solid Waste

_ that are coming from various fix. tures.

Liquid Waste

These types of wastes are also conveyed and disposed of by two types of drainage piping

a The Soil Pipe and

b The Waste Pipe

Any pipe that conveys waste from various fixturel other than water closet is called _

Waste Pipe

pipes that convey waste coming from water closet is called _

Soil Pipe

Unlike the waste pipe, that is exclusively to receive discharges coming from the fixtures only, the soil pipe can accept both wastes from the _

water closet and the fixtures

The Drainage Installation is Sometimes Referred to as DWV which means:

D -

W -

V -

drainage of solid waste

For waste coming from various fixtures other than water closet

Refers to the ventilation of the piping system

There are numerous kind of materials available for plumbing installation but so far, the most popular and commonly used are: (11)

1. Cast iron soil pipe

2. Acid resistant cast iron pipe

3. Asbestos pipe

4. Bituminous fiber sewer pipe

5.Vitrified clay pipe

6.Lead pipe

7.Galvanized steel pipe

8. Galvanized wrought iron pipe

9. Brass pipe

10. Copper pipe

11. Plastic or synthetic pipe

12. Stainless steel pipe

Not all of these materials enumerated however, will be used in one plumbing system installation. The choice of the kind of pipe to be installed, depends upon the following considerations:

1. Quality and durability

2. Resistance to external and internal contact with foreign matters

3. Resistance to acid waste and other chemical elements that will pass into it

4. Cost of materials and labor.

For the past several decades, the most popular and generally specified material for drainage system in buildings is the _.

cast iron pipe

It is durable, conveniently in stalled and answer to the most plumbing needs of al types of buildings less than _ storey high.

less than 25 storey high.

However, buildings taller than 25 storey do not specify the use of cast iron pipe because of _ which causes water leak of the pipe joints.

constant vibrations

To a certain extent, cast iron pipe is also affected by _ caused by the action of carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide and methane gases forming solutions of carbonic acid and sulfuric acid. These acids attack the metallic material causing a slow chemical reaction or oxidation to take place forming ferrous oxide called rust.

corrosion

Cast Iron Pipes are of Two Types

1. The _ which is generally used for building installations and,

2. The _ classified as extra duty pipe used for underground installations.

SV type

XV type

Cast Iron Pipes has Four Varieties (4)

1. Standard pipe

2. Single Hub pipe

3. Double Hub pipe

4. Hubless pipe

_ - is made from alloy of cast iron and silicon It is widely used in chemical laboratories, industries and other installations where acid wastes are being discharge. Basically, this type of pipe is brittle in character and requires stronger support for each pipe installed horizontally to prevent sagging of joints.

Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe

_ is made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement. The thickness of the pipe is twice as that of the standard east iron pipe. Asbestos pipe could be used as soil, waste, ventilation and downspout. This kind of pipe is remarkably superior for embedment in concrete struc ture for having the same material properties.

Asbestos pipe

Joints

All joints are suitably grouted and firmly packed with _ rope.

They are soaked in tar to be watertight and well secured with pure lead not less than _ deep, well calked, or filled with cement mortar.

For chimney joints, mineral lead is replaced with _.

oakum or old hemp

25 mm

cement mortar

_ sewer pipe is the cheapest among the sewer pipes. It is sometimes recommended for house sewer and for septic tank installation.

This type of pipe is light in weight, slightly flexible which could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out from its joint. However, excessive _ may soften or damage the pipe.

Bituminous fiber

hot water or chemical flow

_ is one of the oldest materials used for sewer lines.

It is made out from clay, cast into length of _ centimeters treated with glazing compound.

The pipe is heated in a large kiln under a temperature of _, making it impervious to moisture. Clay pipe is highly resistant to most acid wastes.

It is a durable material for underground installations like public sewer, house sewer or storm drain Being made of clay, its physical property is _. Hence, it should not be laid on unstable ground base

Vitrified clay pipe

75 centimeters

1370° C

brittle

_ is also one of the oldest plumbing materials used by the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Roman builders as soil and waste pipe. Lead is highly resistant to acid and is suitable for underground installation.

But because lead is poisonous and injurious to human health, it is never used to convey water for human consumption.

Lead Pipe

_ is made out from mild steel, drawn through a die and welded, cast into

_ long.

This type of pipe is easily corroded by _. The carbonic acid in water, attack the zinc coating and ultimately the steel itself. It is subject to deposits of salt and lime that gradually accumulate and finally choke the flow of water.

Galvanized steel pipe deteriorate faster when used as _ water supply line.

Galvanized steel pipe

6.00 meters

alkaline and acid water

hot water supply

_ is better in quality than the steel pipe for plumbing installation. Tests showed that wrought iron pipe is more resistant to acid waste than the steel pipe

Galvanized wrought iron pipe

_ is one of the most expensive types of pipe.

This pipe is made of an_ mixed at _ proportion respectively. Because of its smooth interior surface and high resistance to acid, brass pipe become superior material for waste and water supply installations. Brass pipe fittings are of the recessed type similar in design with galvanized steel pipe.

Brass pipe

alloy or zinc and copper

15% and 85%

_ pipe is a durable and extremely corrosive re- sistant material. It is easy to install compared with other types of pipe. Copper pipe is classified into three types, depending upon its wall thickness

1. The _ is the heaviest It is suitable for underground installation.

2. The _ is lighter than the K type available in both the rigid and flexible form. It is commonly used in residential water supply line and for radiant heating installations.

3 The _ is the thinnest and available only in a rigid form This type of copper pipe is specially designed for small water supply lines and for radiant heating installations.

Comparatively, copper pipe cost little more than the _ pipe, but its fittings cost lesser than that of the steel pipe. And because of its very smooth interior surface, one size smaller pipe could be used instead, without substantial reduction of liquid flow, For instance, where a 25 mm (1") diameter steel pipe is required, a 20 mm (3/4") diameter copper pipe is equally sufficient

Copper

K type

L type

type M

steel

Special Features of Copper Pipe There are some special features of copper pipe that are worthy to mention They are:

1. _ pipe could be used as drains and vent pipe

2. It could be used as _ water supply line

3. _ pipe is remarkably excellent material for hot water lines.

4. It can replace rusted or choked-up sections of _ pipe.

5. No special tools required to install _ pipe nor threading is necessary.

6. It is bent easily. A _ line can offset existing structure. Underground lines can be rerouted around an obstruction.

7. Measuring is less _.

8. It needs fewer_

9. It comes in _ length. Copper pipe may be used size smaller than a steel pipe.

10. In installing hot water line, the use of bigger pipe should be avoided because _ on larger pipe is higher than on a smaller one.

1. Brass pipe

2. cold

3. Copper

4. galvanized steel

5. brass

6. flexible vertical

7. critical

8. joints and fittings

9. longer

10. heat loss

_ is a new concept in the field of plumbing It was introduced in the Philippines at the early part of 70's, although this type of materials was developed in Germany in the mid year of 1935

Some Codes however, are still apprehensive in approving its use. According to Dick Demske: "Many Codes have not been updated since the days when plastic was still in the test tube stage, and there- fore do not make any mention of the type of plastic pip- ing that are in widespread use today... Building authorities have a reputation for hard headedness and it is not unknown for them to require the tearing down of an installation that does not conform to their codes."

Plastic pipe has gained widespread acceptance after it has in many ways proven itself to be superior as sewer and cold water pipe line.

Plastic pipe

Types of Plastic Synthetic Pipes

a. The Rigid type

b The Flexible type

The Rigid Type of Plastic Pipes are:

1. _ (PVC)

2. Chiorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)

3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride(uPVC)

4. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)

5. Polypropylene (PP) 6.Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Chiorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

Polypropylene (PP) 6.Styrene Rubber Plastic

The Flexible Types are:

1. The Polyethylene (PE)

2. The Polybutylene (PB)

The PE and PB tubes are in coil form available _ long

The PB tube is manufactured with special length up to _ long in coil form

30 meters

150 meters

Recently, the plastic pipe being used for hot water lines are the (3)

It seems to be all right, but whether it could withstand hot water at 180 degrees F or higher temperature, plus the pressure of hot water for years without any amount of substantial collapse or damage to itself, is still a matter of facts to be proven. Thus, extensive research is still going on to develop plastic pipes suitable for hot water.

Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC),

the Polyvinyl Dichloride(PVDC), and the

Polypropylene (PP).

Advantages of Plastic Pipe

1. _ is more resistant to rust and corrosion

2. Water conveyed by plastic pipe has no pipe _

3. The extreme smooth interior surface prevents the buildup of scale, rust, and foreign material that often impedes flow through _ pipes.

4. There is no _ of water and therefore, has a minimum resistance to flow

5. PVC pipe and fittings weighs about _ of the metal pipe. They are easily and quickly installed through solvent cementing

6. Plastic pipes are cast in _ as well as to install

7. The _ pipe is flexible material that weights about 1/8 as much as the steel pipe For instance, a 100 meters 25 mm diameter coil plastic pipe could be easily carried by one individual compared with metal pipes having the same length and diameter which could be hardly carried by 5 persons.

8. PVC pipe can be connected to existing metal pipe using a _

9. PVC is virtually acid proof to any _ used in recommended strengths around the home.

10. No special tools are needed for installing PVC except a rule to measure and a saw to cut.

11. The best reason at all:- You can do it yourself.

Plastic pipe

tastes

metallic

turbulence

1/5

longer length and easy to cut

Polyethylene (PE)

threaded adapter

chemical

Certain chemicals such as _, paint remover or paint brush cleaner should not be poured in PVC or any other drainage pipe.

methyl-ethyl-ketone (acetone)

Selecting Your Plastic Pipes

Although plastic pipe is considered superior material for drainage and water supply system, not all plastic pipes that are being sold in the market are suitable for plumbing installation Reputable manufacturers of good quality plastic pipes are simply honest with their customers. The physical and mechanical properties of their manufactured pipes such as the specific gravity, hardness, impact strength, compression, shearing and tensile strength are published including the test results and the characteristic value of the materials Not until such technical data is published for the users information, the use of said pipe is doubtful and risky for plumbing use.

Most of these plastic pipes and fittings are produced from _. The chemistry of plastic is perplexing and the finished product could appear in a great variety of forms and colors. It is derived from coal and petroleum products.

synthetic resins

The first plastic material introduced about 100 years ago was called _, followed by the

_ that was developed in

_. And now, the

_ (PE) was remarkably successful in water piping services for more than 50 years. Extensive researches on plastic products towards standardization of quality have started in

_ when various plastic materials were introduced for plumbing used

In _ , approximately 4,500 states, country, and city Codes permitted the use of plastic pipe for all or a portion of the plumbing system. The Plumbing Code that was promulgated by the Association of Plumbing Officials and the Plumbing Contractors was called" Model code.

Celluliod

Bakelite

1905

polyethylene

1945

1972

Support _ installation must be supported when hanging from the ceiling, rafters or floor joists. The distances recommended between hangers are presented in the following table

PVC and CPVU