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USSR launched Sputnik (1957) → US failure = “Flopnik”
Yuri Gagarin orbited Earth (1961) → Cold War humiliation
Bay of Pigs disaster (1961) deepened crisis of confidenc
Kennedy’s response:
May 1961: pledged moon landing before decade’s end → requested $7–9bn funding
Saw space as Cold War battleground for prestige and propaganda
Privately told NASA chief: goal was beating USSR, not space exploration
Achievements:
John Glenn orbited Earth (1962); Apollo 11 landed on moon (1969)
Space programme boosted R&D in computing, electronics, aeronautics
By 1965, 58% of Americans supported moon mission
AO2:
Space race = symbolic Cold War victory; restored US global image
Kennedy’s legacy = visionary leadership, but driven by Cold War rivalry, not scientific curiosity