the space programme

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context

  • USSR launched Sputnik (1957) → US failure = “Flopnik”

  • Yuri Gagarin orbited Earth (1961) → Cold War humiliation

  • Bay of Pigs disaster (1961) deepened crisis of confidenc

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  • Kennedy’s response:

  • May 1961: pledged moon landing before decade’s end → requested $7–9bn funding

  • Saw space as Cold War battleground for prestige and propaganda

  • Privately told NASA chief: goal was beating USSR, not space exploration

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  • Achievements:

  • John Glenn orbited Earth (1962); Apollo 11 landed on moon (1969)

  • Space programme boosted R&D in computing, electronics, aeronautics

  • By 1965, 58% of Americans supported moon mission

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  • AO2:

  • Space race = symbolic Cold War victory; restored US global image

  • Kennedy’s legacy = visionary leadership, but driven by Cold War rivalry, not scientific curiosity