B1.1-2.3 AP Biology

What kind of bond does carbon form with other atoms and how many bonds can it form?

Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds each carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds

How do carbohydrates store energy what is starch and glycogen used for what are they both made up of branch or unbranched? What is the insolubility caused by? Can they form large molecules?

Carbohydrates store energy due to glycogen or starch stored in body fat cells. starch use for plants and glycogen in animals. Both made up of large numbers of a glucose molecules use for substrate in aerobic and anaerobic cell respiration. Amlyose is unbranched. Amylopeptin is branched. Insolubility is caused by large size of glycogen molecules, giving lower solubility than glycol. Solid contribute to osmotic concentration cells.

What is the structure of cellulose?

Cellulose structured as long on branch chains of glucose joined by one – four glycosidic bonds straight chains

What is the role of glycol proteins and cell cell recognition?

Role of glycoproteins and cell recognition is the silo protein on the surface of one cell is recognized by receptors on the surface of another cell. In ABO they recognize the oligosaccharide present in the glycol protein present in person blood one or two.

Lipids are hydrophobic. What does this mean? Give four types of lipids

Hydrophobic means attracted to nonpolar substances not soluble in water. four types of lipids are fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.

What are the difference between saturated , mono, unsaturated, and poly unsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated no double bonds of carbon chain solid equals ice cream and meat. Mono, unsaturated fats, one double bond in carbon chain liquid oils. Poly unsaturated fats, two or more double bonds and carbon chain, lipids oils.

What does amphipatic mean? What kind of molecules are ostraellol and testerone? Can they pass through the membranes?

Amphiphatic means a molecule having hydrophilic, polar and hydrophobic nonpolar parts. Molecules of ostraellol and testosterone are steroid hormones. Yes they can easily membrane into a cell or cell receptor or bio activation.

Write the word equation for condensation reactions, forming di peptides and longer chains of amino acids?

Di peptide equals C-N formed by condensation reaction between amino group(-NH2) acid and carboxyl group (-COOH).

How are essential amino acids made? Non-essential?

In essential amino acid cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities. Central amino acid can be synthesized by metabolic pathways, transforms one amino acid into another.

What is the effective pH and temperature on protein structure?

A denatured protein not normal return structured denaturization is permanent. He donates due to vibrations break into molecular bonds or interactions. Extreme acidic and alkaline due to positive and negative charges on R group are changed, breaking ionic bonds within protein or cause new ionic bonds to form.

Give four facts about R groups?

Determine chemical characteristics. Some hydrophobic and hydrophilic. Some polar and become charged negative or positive acid or base. Allows living organisms, make range of proteins.

What is the impact of primary structure on the conformation of proteins?

Complexity, primary ,secondary ,territory and quaternary. Primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids and poly peptide allows poly peptides to fold almost 3 dimensional shape.

How is pleating and coiling of secondary structure of protein stabilized??

Pleating and coiling of secondary structure of protein stabilized by hydrogen bond within polypeptides. A helix equals polypeptide wound legal shape, hydrogen bonds between a of helix. Sheet sections of polypeptide arrangement, parallel, hydrogen bonds between them.

How does teritary structure depend on?? what type of bond is the strongest?

Teritary structure depends on the stabilization by interactions between R groups. The strongest bond is the disulfide bond between pairs of its a cysteines bond and strongest of all the interactions.

What is the effect of polar and nonpolar amino acids on teritary structure of proteins?

Amino acids are hydrophilic stabilize the protein on the surface non-polar hydrophobic amino acids cluster interior shapes and stabilize the protein.

Examples of quaternary structure of non-conjugated and conjugated proteins?

Quaternary structure of non-conjugated equals poly peptides of units. Poly peptides are leaked by same interaction, example insulin and collagen. Conjugated structure, one or more polypeptide sub units in addition to poly peptides. Example hemoglobin molecules for petty peptide chain associate. Binds, oxygen allow protein to transport oxygen..

What does amphipathic mean? How do the lipid bilayers act as barriers?

Amphipathic means the protein molecule both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Lipid bilayers act as barrier created by aqueous compartment in plasma membrane due to membrane permeability so ions, proteins, sugars in place of bilayer and prevent move to other side.

What molecules can diffuse across the membrane?

Molecules with non-polar with partial positive and negative diffuse at low rates between phosophilpids of membrane. Hih concentration to low diffusion, concetration gradient.

What is the difference between a peripheral and integral protein? Draw an example of each in a membrane?

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