savanna raica chapter 2 - cytology

cytology

study of cells

cell theory

cells are the smallest unit of life that can maintain and perpetuate its self

three scietence that came up with cell theory

mathias schleiden, theodore schwann, and Rudol virchow

how are cells limited in size

cells will only grow so big after that they will stay the same or they divide into 2 smaller cellls

pro

before

karyo

nuclues

fimbria

they attach to the surface of some prokaryotes

nucleiod

where the cells DNA

oid

ressembles

eu

true

how are the animal cells bigger than prokaryotes cells

they are 100x bigger

cell membraine

encloses the cell

cell memebraine acts for human

it provides membrane boundary (shape) for the cell

semi-permeable

allows some sunstance to enter or leave the cell

phospholipid bi-layer

double layer of molecules with embedded proteins

phillia

like or love

phobic

afraid

microvilli

folded mebrane that increase its surface area

cytoplasm soureded by

fluids

what happens when to much waste products accmulates in the cells

it becomes toxic

what do all living things need to be surrounded by

water

what is the purpose of phospholipid bilayer

separate 2 fluids compartments

embedded proteins

they are embedded phospholipid bilayer

ion channels

specific for Na, K, Ca, Cl that can open and close

transporter (carrier) protein

specific for sugar, and amino acid that may require energy (APT)

receptor sites

specific for certain hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs

enzymes

catalyze specific reactions to speed them up

recognition sites

allows white blood cells to recognized your cells from foreign ones

side effects of recongitiom

cause side effect in cellular activity

drugs for immunosuppressant

corticosteroids and prednisone

thalidomide side effect

the babys malformation

thalidomide

its a drug that women take when they are pregnant to help stop morning sickness

nucleus

made up of DNA

nucleolus

stores RNA

chromatin

uncoiled

chromosomes

coiled up DNA

function of golgi complex

stores, modifies, and packaged chemicals

Endoplasmic Reticulum

a network of tubes

function of the ER

like a little circulatory system

smooth ER

contains enzymes systems involved in lipids and steroids metabolism

rough ER

studded with small bodies called ribosomes

ribosomes

composed of mostly RNA and synthesis in the nucleus of the cell

golgi complex

stack of membranous saccules

vacculaos and vesicles

they both act as storage containers

lysosome are made of

a saccules of the golgi complex

lysosome contain

contain hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes

lysosome

suicide bags

autolysis

cells are infected with a virus

mitochondria

the cells powerhouse that contains it own DNA

cellular respiration

generates APT

centrioles

consists of rings of 9 sets of 3 protein cylinders that can contract

Centrioles found

only in animal cells

2 organelles from motion

Flagella and cilia

cilia

organized just like flagella with hairs

flagella

consists of 9 pairs of protein cylinders surrounding 1 in the center

cilia found

in the airway of the fallopian tubes

interphase

period from when the cell is formed until the cell starts to divide

G1 phase

period of growth

s phase

DNA synthesis

G2 phase

period of growth

four steps in the mitotic phase

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telaphase

Prophase

cell prepares to divide

metaphase

chromsosoe line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

chromosomes move apart to the opposite end of the cell

telophase

cells constricts into two cells

cytokinesis

when the cytoplasm splits apart

how often do skin,blood cells, and cells lining the alimentary canal divide

they divide continually throughout life

alimentary canal

the digestive track

liver and kidney cell divide how often

they divide whenever they are needed

muscle and nerve cells divide how often

they lose their mitotic ability (do not divide

Amitotic

without mitosis

2 type of abnormal cell division

hyperplasia and neoplasm

hyperplasia

and increase in number of cells

neoplasm

tumor

malignant tumor know as

cancer

end result of mitosis

production of haploid sex cells

karyokinesis

nucleus movement

where does meiosis occur

in the cell

soma

body

what is a karyotype

a complete set of chromosomes