AP World 4.4

why did europe develop empires?

they were driven by political, religious, and economic rivalries.

compare europe's role in trade with asia vs trade with americas,

europe: in asia, they frequently traded gold and silver for luxury goods.
america: they depended on agriculture.

what was the impact of the growth of the plantation economy?

increased the demand for slaves in the americas

what is indentured servitude?

arrangements through which servants contracted to work for a specified period of years in exchange for passage.

what is chattel slavery?

a system in which individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold.

what served as the foundation for maritime empires?

exploration of european states

how did portugal set up trading post colonies?

they cooperated with local rulers.

what was the kingdom of dahomey's role in the slave trade?

it grew stronger because it raided other villages to enslave people and sold them to the european merchants.

how did the portuguese enter indian ocean trade? what was the impact of their entry

- explorers, merchants, and missionaries made inroads into kongo and benin kingdoms.
- the impact of their entry was that their participation in trade led to an increase in their influence.

why did japan limit european trade? how did the japanese view europeans?

- japan was first tolerant of dutch and portuguese missionaries. later on many japanese converted to christianity but they became intolerant of other faiths and started to destroy buddhist shrines. which led to the japanese government to ban most foreigners, ban foreign books and people from traveling abroad.
- they view europeans as uncouth and was through with them.

compare china and japan's path to isolationism.

japan: japan was partially isolated from the rest of the world. they still allowed some dutch merchant to live on the small islands in nagasaki border. they continued trade with china but mostly through regional lords who were far from the capital city with easy access to the sea to korea, taiwan, and okinawa.

china: ming tried to restrict outside influence on china after zheng he's voyages. the ming prohibited private trade, limited the size of ships built and began to reconstruct the great wall. they re-emphasized confucianism and chinese traditional service exam.

what empires had claim to india?

britain victory drove france out. protuguese remained until driven out.

how did the british east company conquer india?

established small forts on the coasts that focus on profit through trade. however the eic was limited by the power of india mughal empire. the eic later started to expand when it took the tensions between the hindus and muslims to its advantage by beginning to increase its political power through treaties with local rulers. later britain intervened india politically and millitarily to such extent that it controlled most of the subcontinent.

what was the british global network?

they were trading posts set up in west africa by the british. these post set the way for globalization as each post became a node, an intersection of multiple points serving as a trade center for goods from many part of the world.

how did hernan cortes conquer the aztec empire?

with the help of the groups he conquered in mexico, hernan cortes overthrew the aztec and establish the colony of new spain.

how did francisco pizarro conquer the inca empire?

they attack the inca and capture the ruler atanualpa in the andes of south america

how did the treaty of tordesillas divide the world?

spain and portugal divided the americas between them. brazil was under portugals rule while spain claimed the rest of america.

what territories did spain conquer/control?

spain reserved all the lands west to the meridian that went through eastern south america

describe the competition between britain and france.

- vie for dominance in north america
- the british settlers moved to the former dutch territory in upper new york and began to form ties with irquois who had been in conflict with france over trade issues. overtime, irquois began to realize that the british was more of a threat than france so a shift of alliance happened where irquois and french signed a peace treaty known as the great peace of montreal.

what changes and continuities occurred regarding indian ocean trade during the early modern period?

continuities: merchants continued to pay for the right to use certain ports and passage ways and developing trade links through traditional networks.

change: the portuguese used their military superiority to take control of trade, creating a string of armed trading post along the trade routes of the indian ocean.

what is hispaniola?

the name columbus gave to the island now occupied by haiti and dominican republic.

describe the encomienda system.

was developed by the spanish to gain access to fold and other resources of the americas. encomenderos, landowners, compelled the indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter.

who were the conquistadors?

the spanish conquerors

describe the hacienda system.

arose when landowners developed agriculture on their land - wheat, fruit, vegetables, and sugar.

how did the ecomienda system differ from the hacienda system?

the ecomienda system was developed in order to gain access to gold and other resources in the americas while the hacienda system arosed because of agriculture and deals with food.

how did the discovery of silver impact spain and the new world.

revived economic fortunes for both individual explorers and spain.

describe mercantilism. how did it serve as a contributing cause of european exploration and conquest?

an economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and establishment of colonies.

describe the different types of labor systems in early modern period.

slave: location is in america and africa. mostly domestic or agriculture.

nomad: in europe, africa, or asia. pastorialism, herding, and animal breeding.

indentured servant: all regions and domestic and field work.

free peasant: europe or asia and domestic or skilled crafts labor.

guild member: europe and skilled crafts labor.

what did slavery look like prior to european exploration of the americas?

slavery existed in africa before europeans sought labor for investment in america. many societies shared land but individuals establish wealth and power by showcasing not only their land but their slaves.

why did africa become the primary source of slaves in the early modern period.

- since indigenous captives and indentured servants were not ideal workers.
- african leaders along the coast realize their kingdoms could benefit economically from the slave trade.
- african rulers were willing to hand over individuals from the lower rungs of their society like prisoners of war, servants, or criminals.

what is a barracoon?

they are holding pens in west africa that kept the captive africans who were swept away from their families.

describe the middle passage.

the grueling journey across the atlantic ocean and was known as this because it was the middle part of the captives journey.

what were the impacts (social, cultural, and demographic) of the atlantic slave trade?

demographic: the physical migration of captives had significant demographic impact on both their african home and the country their held captive:

cultural: african roots helped shape and enrich the language and culture of the societies they were brought in.

social: a migration of status from free to enslaved. also disrupted family organizations where more men were taken than women so polygyny became more common.

compare and contrast the indian ocean slave trade and the atlantic ocean slave trade.

those in the indian ocean slave trade suffered different fates. they often worked in seaports as laborers in shipping industries and household servants. slaves in islamic communities had certain rights such as the right to marry.