Introduction To Guidance Counseling Oral Recitation Reviewer

PSY3220 Oral Recitation 1

• Is a profession that involves the use of an integrated approach to the development of a well-functioning individual primarily by helping him/her potentials to the fullest & plan his/her future in accordance with his/her abilities, interests & needs.

• It includes functions such as counseling subjects, particularly subjects given in the licensure examination , and other human development services.

Guidance and Counseling

People and Filipinos specifically seek help and guidance through the:

• Elders, faith healers, fortune tellers

• Superstitions

• Supernatural

Pre Colonial time

People now seek guidance to the priests

Spaniards Colonization

They have influenced our educational system and brought the Guidance and Counseling practice.

American Colonization

Frank Parsons

Guidance and Counseling started with the movement of ________.

1905

Frank Parson the Father of vocational guidance founded an institute, Civic Service House that offers vocational courses to underprivileged workers

1908

Founded the Boston’s Vocational Bureau

1909

Jesse Davis who is considered the first Counselor in the US, implemented the Guidance program in Michigan school

1910

Vocational Counselors was appointed in all elementary and high schools

1912

Boston Placement Bureau was founded

1920 & 1930

• Public schools have seen the need for Guidance & Counseling beyond the vocational area.

• Students also need personal, social, and academic guidance as well as counseling but Guidance suffered a setback in 1930’s due to the Great Depression which has limited the funds for the Guidance.

1934

Guidance flourished

1936

The George Dean Act was passed which provided funding that would be used directly for vocational guidance counseling in the Philippines.

Dr. Sinforoso Padilla

It was through the psychological clinic set-up by ________ that Guidance and Counseling has started.

1932

Dr. Sinforoso Padilla Jr. opened a clinic to address the need of a number of cases of student discipline, emotional, academic & vocational problems

1934

Counseling tests were administered to convicts of Bilibid Prison

1939

Inmates in Welfareville

Guidance purposes

Psychological tests were used for?

SY 1939-1940

A dean of boys and a dean of girls in each four public high schools in Manila were chosen among the members of faculty to look after the behavior and conduct of the students

1945

• 1st Guidance Institute was held in National Teacher’s College

• Bureau of Public Schools started to send teachers as pensionados for observation and study of guidance services abroad

• Dr. Roy G. Bone

• George H. Bennette

• UNESCO specialists in guidance

• Edward S. Jones

• Dr. Henry McDaniel in Stanford University

The following personalities have helped a lot in making the Filipino education officials Guidance conscious;

1951

Congress proposed the establishment of functional guidance & counseling program in schools to assist students in choosing their course and help them solve their personality problems

1952

Division School Superintendents recommended the establishment of Guidance services in schools and schools were encouraged to come up with guidance programs.

1953

Philippine Association of Guidance Counselors were organized (in order to study the needs, interests and potentialities of young people & establish a Testing Bureau

Guidance section of the United States Veterans administration composed of both American and Filipino Psychologist like

• Dr. Padilla, Dr. Perpinan

• Mr. Tuason.

The most systematic guidance program in the Philippines was launched by the?

1954

NTC – site of the 1st Guidance Institute

1960’s and 1970’s

different school offered courses in Guidance; different organizations were founded (PGCA, PACERS )

2004

Where RA 9258 came

1. Family situation

2. Mobility of the Filipinos

3. Changes in Education

4. Development in the world of work

5. Increasing possibilities of experiencing crisis

6. Developments in Science and Technology

7. Increasing Multifarious Disorders

Factors that led the Development of Guidance

1. Philosophy

2. Psychology

3. Sociology

Foundations of Guidance

Guides the Counselor find the most suitable approach to understand Men.

Philosophy

Wilkin & Perlmutter, 1960

Philosophy: undertakes to study the general principles in a field of knowledge

Free Online Dictionary

Philosophy: the critical analysis of fundamental assumptions and beliefs

Meriam-Webster Dictionary, 1998

Philosophy: a critical study of fundamental beliefs and grounds for them

Philosophy of Guidance

Construed as embracing philosophical and theoretical rationale fundamental to guidance services

Peterson, 1976

Philosophical Foundations of Guidance and Counseling: critical analysis of the fundamental assumptions and beliefs essential to the practice of guidance. Guidance; implies “value” and philosophical issues involved in judging ethical assumptions.

Socratic Method

• Method of rigorous questioning

• Provoke intellectual curiosity

• True knowledge is gained only by constant questioning assumptions that underlay all we do.

• Humans learn through the use of reasoning and logic; ultimately finding holes in their own theories and then patching them up

View of Human Nature

• The best life and life most suited to human nature involved reasoning.

• Believes that nobody willingly chooses to do wrong.

• The being in human is an inner-self.

• This inner self is divine, cannot die and will dwell forever with the Gods.

• The human being is so constituted that he “can” know the good. And knowing it, he can follow it, for no one who truly knows the good would deliberately choose to follow the evil. Only human being has these capabilities.

• Life without examination ( dialogue ) is not worth living.

Plato

• I am the wisest man alive, for I know one thing, and that is I know nothing.

• Education is teaching our children to desire the right things.

• Good people do not need laws as to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws.

• Theory of Human Nature Humans are rational, social animals. He tends to identify human nature with reason and the soul as opposed to the body.

Aristotle

• Humans are rational, social animals.
  

• He believed both body and soul were parts of our nature.

Monism

Believed that there was only one underlying reality – the mind or the body, but not both

Dualism

Contended that both the mind and the body existed

Materialism

Believed that humans were entirely physical and determinists asserted that all human choices were determined by the laws of nature

Mechanism

Propounded that human beings were slaves to nature and like machines, they could be known totally and completely

• Influenced Freud, the father of Psychoanalysis and Skinner

• The father of Behaviorism

Rationalism

Emphasized that reason, innate ideas, and deductions guide knowledge:

• Rational-Emotive Therapy

• Cognitive Therapy

• Cognitive Behavior Modification may have been influenced by this philosophy

Empiricism

Underscored that experience was the source of knowledge and that learning was a process of accumulating a series of sensory experiences; this led to an understanding of cause-effect relationships and associations

• This may also underlie the basic tenets of Behavior Modification

Positivism

Concentrated on natural phenomena or facts that were objectively observable

Existentialism

Focused on the human beings and highlighted this as the only reality

• Rogers and Frankl must have based their theoretical beliefs and practices on these

Parsons

Believed in the “perfect ability of mankind” and “viewed guidance as a means to a mutualistic society and the counselor’s role as one leading to social goals by offering perspective advice”

Davis

“Preached the moral values of hard work, ambition, honesty, and the development of good character as assets in the business world”

Hill

“urged that goals should be based upon sound scientific research and should serve to guide youth toward a more perfect society”

Beck (1963)

Contends that the following are the philosophical foundations of guidance

Psychology

• It lays the foundation of understanding human behavior.

• It also provides different approaches and techniques to be used in helping the individual with whatever issues or concern he/she has.

Field of Psychology

1. General Psychology

2. Developmental Psychology

3. Educational Psychology

4. Social Psychology

5. Ecological/Environmental Psychology

Advantage to the counselor in General Psychology

Helps to understand a person’s goals and shed light on how he perceives, thinks and learns.

Advantage to the counselor in Developmental Psychology

Understanding of the developmental stages, tasks, concerns & adjustments that must be attended to.

Advantage to the counselor in Educational Psychology

Enables to have better grasp of educational and learning concerns and the best way to respond to clients/students.

Advantage to the counselor in Social Psychology

Helps to explain the actions of a person in relation to others and the different interpersonal events.

Advantage to the counselor in Ecological/Environmental Psychology

Helps determine intervention techniques for promoting environmentally appropriate behavior.

1. Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis)

2. Alfred Adler (Adlerian)

3. Carl Rogers (Person-Centered or Nondirective Counseling)

Proponents for Psychological Theories as Counseling Framework

Villar (1997)

Studied the compatibility of each approach to Filipino traits and culture.

Salazar-Clemeña (1991, 1995)

• Developed a counselling for peace model for Filipinos (e.g., she noted the need to include peace with God as a central component because of the theocentric worldview of most Filipinos)

• However, the counselling methods advocated to help clients attain peace are standard Western techniques.

Bulatao (1978)

• Presented a Filipino-relevant therapy, labelled transpersonal counselling, which he described as compatible with the group-centeredness of Filipinos.

• Their tendency to prefer paternalistic counsellors over nondirective ones, and their readiness to enter into altered states of consciousness.

Decenteceo (1999)

Described a Pagdadala (burden-bearing) model in counselling and therapy in which the normal burden-bearing experienced by Filipinos serves as a metaphor or model for counselling with Filipinos;

Velazco (1987)

Made a model of economics counselling that integrates economic principles with traditional counselling techniques.

The developments in Sikolohiyang Pilipino

This was also important in the practice of Guidance

Sociology

• This focuses on understanding the societal rules and processes that connect and separate people not only as individual but as member of a group, association or institution.

• It can help the counselor understand human groupings and how it can influence the human behavior.

1. Family

2. Schools/Education

3. Church/Religion

4. Government

5. Economy

6. Culture

7. Philippine Values

Social Structures

1. Integral part of the educational system.

2. Responsive to the student/client needs.

3. It recognizes the student/client as an individual.

4. Guidance is for all.

5. The program is in the hands of a qualified personnel.

Principle of Guidance

1. Happiness of the individual, efficiency and competence.

2. It seeks to make each student/client self-actualizing, self-relying and self-directing including in him the spirit of initiative and responsibility.

3. Guidance seeks to help students/client choose immediate goals wisely & to evolve life goals that are personally satisfying & beneficial to the society.

4. Guidance seeks the best development of the individual to the fullest actualization of his potential.

5. It seeks to help student/client understand himself by helping appraise his past development and to recognize his present assets, liabilities and interests.

6. It seeks to give information regarding the opportunities & requirements of different fields of endeavor.

7. It seeks to give students an understanding of the educational, vocational, recreational, personal and service activities in which they will take part both in school and in life.

8. It aims to help students to make intelligent choices at critical stages of his life.

9. Guidance is more interested in preventing crises in the lives of the students/clients than it is in rehabilitation or remedial work.

10. It seeks not only to help students meet the goals & solve problems of daily living but also to learn to a technique whereby he/she may in the future be able to solve his problems.

11. Guidance attempts to help teachers to teach more effectively and administrators to administer more effectively.

12. It seeks to help the home by interpreting the school &the program to the parents, and by exchange of information by mutual respect and support.

13. Guidance seeks to help parents deal more realistically & wisely with their children.

Aims of Guidance