predation and herbivory

Exploitation

Individuals of one species benefit by taking something from another

Active foragers

Species running around to catch prey

Passive foragers

Species sitting around and waiting for prey to come to them

Generalists

Broad diets (eat what they catch, good in varying environments)

Specialists

Show a strong preference for certain prey or plant parts

Avoidance, tolerance, defenses

Adaptations to herbivore exploitative interactions (3)

Avoidance

Timing of growth and reproduction to avoid herbivores (changes time it grows/ reproduces)

Masting

Massive production of seeds by all individuals of a species at one time (overwhelms herbivores)

Tolerance

The degree to which the plant can withstand or repair damage caused by the herbivore (accepts being clipped)

Structural defenses

Tough leaves, spines, spikes, sap, and stickiness are examples of what kind of defenses

Chemical defenses

Secondary products (not related to metabolism). Stored in cells and released when cells are broken or stored in epidermal glands to poison upon contact

Constitutive defense

Defenses that are always present. Pros: always being defended. Cons: requires more energy

Induced defense

More/ only displayed after damage. Pros: less energy, cons: higher chance of being eaten

Behavioral defenses

Choosing what to eat/ when to eat it, skipping the harmful parts

Chemical

Enzymes that break down chemicals

Structural

A giraffe haveing a long neck to reach leaves, a tongue that doesn’t get punctured by thorns

Prey

Speed, camo, eye placement, good hearing, mimicry, group living, toxins, structural defense. These are examples of how prey or predators defend themselves/ catch prey?

Predators

Claws, teeth, stealth, smells, vision, sense of smells. These are examples of hot prey or predators protect themselves/ catch prey?

Mimicry

Evolving to look like a different species

Physical adaptations, toxins, mimicry, detoxification

Four adaptations of prey capture

Coevolution

Adaptations in one population promote the evolution of adaptations in another and vise versa.