chapter 25 Respiratory System

external respiration

between atmosphere and blood

internal respiration

between blood and tissues

upper respiratory tract functions

Gas Conditioning, Warming, Moistening, Particulate matter, Sound production, Olfaction, Protection, Mucus, airways trap pathogens

Nose and Naval Cavity Function

mucus traps particles

Nose and Naval Cavity, and trachea cell type

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

external nares (nostrils)

openings where air enters and exits; hyaline cartilage

Vibrissae (nose hairs)

filter coarse particles from inspired air

roof of nasal cavity

olfactory epithelium

floor of nasal cavity

hard palate: maxilla and palatines, soft palate: muscle, fat, and epithelium, uvula

nasal septum

divides nasal cavity, hyaline cartilage

lateral wall of nasal cavity (nasal conchae)

formed by superior and middle conchae (ethmoid) and inferior concha (separate bone)

nasal meatuses

Passages beneath nasal conchae for airflow

maxillary sinus

drains into middle meatus

nasolacrimal duct

Drains tears into the inferior nasal meatus.

choanae

posterior openings of the nasal cavity

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

pharynx location

posterior to nasal and oral cavities

nasopharynx

the area directly posterior to the nose

nasopharynx tissue type

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

auditory (eustachian) tubes

equalize pressure in middle ear

pharyngeal tonsil

posterior wall of nasopharynx

oropharynx location

posterior to oral cavity

oropharynx and laryngopharynx tissue type

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

oropharynx features

palatine and lingual tonsils

laryngopharynx location

posterior to laryngeal opening

larynx

passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

laryngeal prominence

Adam's apple (thyroid cartilage)

cricoid cartilage

the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx; hyaline cartilage

epiglottic cartilage

folds over laryngeal inlet during swallowing

epiglottic cartilage tissue type

elastic cartilage

Arytenoid cartilages

A pair of pyramid-shaped hyaline cartilages that sit on top of the posterior edge of the cricoid cartilage and rotate to open and close the vocal folds and pivot back and forth to help change the pitch of the voice

vestibular folds

false vocal folds, protects vocal folds

vocal folds

muscular membranes in the larynx that produce sound

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx, or voice box

trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs; windpipe

tracheal cartilages

keep the trachea from collapsing; c-shaped hyaline cartilage

bronchial tree

branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli

bronchial tree tissue types

pseudostratified columnar epithelium cartilage smooth muscle rings (constriction)

primary bronchi

Right and left bronchi; right is slightly wider and straighter than left

Bronchioles

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli. smaller than 1mm. no cartilage. simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium

respritory bronchiole and alveolar ducts

connect to alveoli, simple squamous epithelium

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood; 300-400 million; simple squamous epithelium

Alveolar type 1 cells

simple squamous epithelial cells

alveolar type 2 cells

secrete surfactant

alveolar macrophages

digest particulates, microorganisms

elastic fibers

interalveolar septa; return lung to normal shape

respritory membrane

air-blood barrier; epithelium of capillary and alveolus, basement membranes

Emphysema

irreversible loss of gas exchange surface area; inflammation of bronchioles and alveoli, dilated air space

squamous cell carcinoma

malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis, turns to stratified squamous